History 151 Unit 2 Flashcards
Sima Qian
Court Historian from Han Dynasty (~145-85 BCE). Gave practice of learning Chineses History through dynasties
Yangshao
Village (5000-3000 BCE). Pottery molded by hand, graveyards for adults and burial urns for children, and dogs, pigs, goats, and possibly horses.
Longshan
Village (3000-1900 BCE). Pottery using potters wheels, graves dug under homes and funeral urns placed in walls, and sheep & cattle.
Ban Po
Village (6000 BCE, discovered 1953 CE). Domesticated pigs/dogs, slash & burn agriculture, stored grain in 200 pits throughout village.
Quetzalcoatl
Teotihuacan rain/fertility god, feathered serpent, sacrifices of butterflies and snakes
Human Sacrifice
The Aztecs, Mayans, and Moche used human sacrifice. Aztecs at Tenochtiitlan used sacrificed humans for the god Huitzilopochtli believing human blood would feed the sun and keep it moving. They also used it as a way to rule.
Nok
People in Africa. Produced terra cotta sculptures
Bantu
People in Africa. Spread/shared iron making and language.
Jenne-Jenno
First known indigenous city in sub-Saharan Africa
Empires
The conquest of one people by another; the extension of political rule by one people over other, different peoples.
Cyrus II
Founder of Persian Empire (r 559-530 BCE). Conquered the Medes and used Median bureaucracy, Lydia and spared their king/enlisted his advice, and Ionia and retained local rulers. He allowed the Jewish people to return to Jerusalem
Cambyses II
Ruler of Persian Empire (r 530-522 BCE). Overextended, campaign against Carthage failed. The Persian Navy refused to follow his orders to fight the Phoenicians.
Darius I
Ruler of Persian Empire (r 522-486 BCE). Created the Royal Road, aka the Trade Route, from Ephesus to Susa, converted to Zoroastrianism but didn’t impose his religion.
Zoroaster
Religious teacher (~600 BCE). Preached divinity and human spirit. Wrote a collection of hymns and poems called the Zend Avestra.
Ahurmazda
Zoroastrianism’s good god. Fight Ahriman for humanity (good vs evil). Last judgement= standing before him.
Ahriman
Zoroastrianism’s evil god. Fight Ahurmazda for humanity (good vs evil).
Minoans
From Crete. Named after the Greek story of King Minos and the Minotaur because of the Knossos’s labyrinth-like structure. Had no walls because the sea protected them. Their writing is still undeciphered.
Myceneans
From Peloponnesus. Wealthy, most likely used slave labor from Crete. Mask of Agamemnon made out of gold, named after king who might not have existed. Writings were deciphered. Attacked Crete after Crete suffered tsunami, declined because of internal warfare.
Homer
Author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. We don’t know much about him or if he even existed.
The Iliad
Written by Homer. The story of the Trojan War. Greeks vs Trojans after the son of the king of Troy, Paris, took the wife of the king of Sparta, Helen. Features Achilles as the hero.
The Odyssey
Written by Homer. The story of Odysseus’ return home after the Trojan War that should have taken two weeks, but instead took ten years.
Olympic/Pan-Hellenic Games
In honor of Zeus, games that unified Greece took place every four years. Always done in the nude, only men competed. The only women allowed near were prostitutes and priestesses. The winners got wreathes and vases. Athletes represented the best of men.
Battle of Marathon
A battle in the Persian Wars between Athens and Persia. Pheidippides ran to Sparta in three days to get help, but by the time Sparta came, Athens had already won by the Hoplites using the phalanx formation.
Persian Wars
War between Greece and Persia (499-479 BCE). Eventually won by Greece.
Peloponnesian War
War between Athens and Sparta (431-404 BCE). Athens had formed a league and became a brutal empire, so Corinthians went to Sparta to ask for help. Sparta won.
Solon
An aristocrat/poet (594 BCE) that had respect for citizens and government. Ended monopoly over public office held by aristocracy, canceled debts, created the Council of Four Hundred. Started Greece’s path to democracy.
Peisistratus
A tyrant (550 BCE). Prevented aristocracy from having too much power and loaned to small farmers.
Cleisthenes
Emperor (508 BCE). Created deme, Council of Five Hundred, assembly resumed regular meetings, all male citizens were expected to participate. Instituted ostracism.
Aeschylus
Playwright (524?-456 BCE). Originator of trilogies, was concerned with the nature of gods and men.
Sophocles
Playwright (496-406 BCE). Wrote Oedipus, the story of the man who killed his father and married his mother while trying to avoid that fate. Reduced the role of gods in human affairs; divine law vs man’s law.
Euripides
Playwright (480-406 BCE). Pessimistic; humans facing disasters because of their passions.
Aristophanes
Playwright (450?-385? BCE). Wrote sexually explicit comedy, Lysistrata, about women going on a sex strike until war was stopped.
Herodotus
Historian (~485-420 BCE). “Father of History,” started doing history the way we think about it today. Wrote about the Persian Wars, but was not alive during them.
Thucydides
Historian (d. 401 BCE). Wrote History of the Peloponnesian War
Socrates
Philosopher (~470-399 BCE). Argued for the supremacy of the city-state over the individual; citizens had obligation to the state. Created the Socratic Method (questioning to find own truth). Teacher of Plato.
Plato
Philosopher (427-347 BCE). Socrates’ leading pupil; founder of the Academy; in The Republic men and women were treated equally (Utopia). Platonic love= between person’s of opposite sex; no sexual desire. Teacher to Aristotle
Aristotle
Philosopher (384-322 BCE). Plato’s greatest pupil, explored many subjects including astronomy. Thought that smaller was better for city-states. Was vocal about believing women were lower to men. Tutored Alexander the Great.
Philip II of Macedonia
King of Macedonia (r 359-336 BCE). Unified Greece, conquered then pacified; father to Alexander the Great.
Alexander the Great
Emperor of Greece to northwestern India (r 336-323 BCE). “Benevolent despotism.” Conquered the Persian Empire; acted swiftly to sack and kill the rebel city Thebes and held a seven month siege in Tyre. Respected local religion and maintained low taxes. Deified by Egypt.
Oracle Bones
First form of writing in China that Appeared in the Shang Dynasty for use in divination
Chinampas
A form of agriculture practiced by the Olmecs where plants are grown in platforms of much raised from the river
Milpa
Slash and burn agriculture used by the Mayans to grow corn(maize).
Chunu
Freeze dried potatoes from the Inca Empire
Navel of the universe
AKA the city of Teotihuacan. It is believed that Humas emerged from the caves beneath the city
Quipu
A device used by the Inca to record business transactions by knotting rope
Mit’a
A system of forced labor of conquered peoples used by the Inca
Zimbabwes
Master Narrative
Hegemony
Dominance
Indo-Europeans
An ethnic group from the Caucus Mountains that migrated to Geece, Turkey Persia and India.
Satrapy
Persian polling area created by Darius I
Agora
Place of political happenings of Polis Temple, marketplace, fountain. Greece.
Acropolis
Place of holy temples/refuge. Temples were elevated. Greece.
Monarchy
A nation is ruled by a single person who follows the law
Tyranny
A nation ruled by one person who does not follow the law
Oligarchy
A nation governed by the wealthy
Aristocracy
A nation ruled by nobility
Democracy
A nation ruled by its citizens
Helots
Messinian Slaves
Hoplites
A group of lower class soldiers who turned Sparta from an aristocracy to a oligarchy after the Helot Revolt
Deme
An administrative district instituted by Cleisthenes to help organize citizens in Athens
Ostracism
Aka banishment. First known form instituted by Cleisthenes where citizens could vote to banish people
Delian League
Athenian Empire that gave their protection in return of payments.
Peloponnesian League
A league created by Sparta in response to the Delian League created by Athens.
Parthenon
A Doric temple in Athens dedicated to their patron goddess Athena.
Propylaea
Entrance into Athenian acropolis.
Erechtheum
Athenian temple where the columns were statues of women; held sacred items.
Ecumene
A unified urban culture, encompassing vast lands & diverse people; a distinct cultural-historical community.
Greek Loves
Eros–Physical/Sexual love
Agape–Spiritual love
Philia–Friendship/Affection (Platonic love)
Pornae
The lowest rank or prosituet and where not well educated
Heterare
The heights of prostitution they were well educated and they ranked higher then wives and where citizens
auletrides
Type of prosritut that was a trained entertainer the men at private parties
Zhengzhou
Capital of Shang (founded ~1700 BCE). Core covered 1 1/4 square miles and enclosed by a wall 4 1/2 miles long and 30 feet wide.
Anyang
The last and most elaborate capital city; a network of site stretching 200 miles.
Teotihuacan
Valley of Mexico; had the Avenue of the Dead, Temple of Quetzacoatl. Navel of the Universe–where man was believed to have emerged.
San Lorenzo & La Venta
Where Olmec was located. San Lorenzo (destroyed 900 BCE), where the giant stone heads were found. La Venta (destroyed 400 BCE), where the Basalt from the heads most likely came from.
Monte Alban
Location of Zapotec (500 BCE-700 CE).
Tenochtitlan & Lake Texcoco
Yucatan
Andes Mountains
Lake Titicaca
Nubia
Royal Road
A huge road that went through Sardis to Susa. And every 15 miles had a place to rest
Greatest Extent of the Persian Empire
From Indus River valley to Egypt and Libya up to Macedonia
Balkan Mountains
A mountain range that is across Greece and protected Greece from invasion
Aegean Sea
Was the sea to the east of Greece and is what separates modern day Turkey from greece
Knossos on Crete
Was a huge palace on Crete which is on Crete. And had plumbing. because It is so maze-like, the team who discovered it named the civilization who made it the Minoans after the Greek Myth of the minotaur
Sparta
A city-state which had a strong army and were rivals of Athens
Athens
A city-sate in Greek which had a string navy and was the birth place of democracy
Salamis
Naval battle in which 1000 Persian ships fought 200 Greek ships . Persians lost 200 ships Greeks lost 40
Platea
The place where a land battle in the persian war took place when the Greeks fought 100,000 with only 40,000 and won
