History 151 Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sima Qian

A

Court Historian from Han Dynasty (~145-85 BCE). Gave practice of learning Chineses History through dynasties

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2
Q

Yangshao

A

Village (5000-3000 BCE). Pottery molded by hand, graveyards for adults and burial urns for children, and dogs, pigs, goats, and possibly horses.

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3
Q

Longshan

A

Village (3000-1900 BCE). Pottery using potters wheels, graves dug under homes and funeral urns placed in walls, and sheep & cattle.

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4
Q

Ban Po

A

Village (6000 BCE, discovered 1953 CE). Domesticated pigs/dogs, slash & burn agriculture, stored grain in 200 pits throughout village.

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5
Q

Quetzalcoatl

A

Teotihuacan rain/fertility god, feathered serpent, sacrifices of butterflies and snakes

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6
Q

Human Sacrifice

A

The Aztecs, Mayans, and Moche used human sacrifice. Aztecs at Tenochtiitlan used sacrificed humans for the god Huitzilopochtli believing human blood would feed the sun and keep it moving. They also used it as a way to rule.

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7
Q

Nok

A

People in Africa. Produced terra cotta sculptures

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8
Q

Bantu

A

People in Africa. Spread/shared iron making and language.

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9
Q

Jenne-Jenno

A

First known indigenous city in sub-Saharan Africa

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10
Q

Empires

A

The conquest of one people by another; the extension of political rule by one people over other, different peoples.

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11
Q

Cyrus II

A

Founder of Persian Empire (r 559-530 BCE). Conquered the Medes and used Median bureaucracy, Lydia and spared their king/enlisted his advice, and Ionia and retained local rulers. He allowed the Jewish people to return to Jerusalem

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12
Q

Cambyses II

A

Ruler of Persian Empire (r 530-522 BCE). Overextended, campaign against Carthage failed. The Persian Navy refused to follow his orders to fight the Phoenicians.

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13
Q

Darius I

A

Ruler of Persian Empire (r 522-486 BCE). Created the Royal Road, aka the Trade Route, from Ephesus to Susa, converted to Zoroastrianism but didn’t impose his religion.

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14
Q

Zoroaster

A

Religious teacher (~600 BCE). Preached divinity and human spirit. Wrote a collection of hymns and poems called the Zend Avestra.

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15
Q

Ahurmazda

A

Zoroastrianism’s good god. Fight Ahriman for humanity (good vs evil). Last judgement= standing before him.

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16
Q

Ahriman

A

Zoroastrianism’s evil god. Fight Ahurmazda for humanity (good vs evil).

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17
Q

Minoans

A

From Crete. Named after the Greek story of King Minos and the Minotaur because of the Knossos’s labyrinth-like structure. Had no walls because the sea protected them. Their writing is still undeciphered.

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18
Q

Myceneans

A

From Peloponnesus. Wealthy, most likely used slave labor from Crete. Mask of Agamemnon made out of gold, named after king who might not have existed. Writings were deciphered. Attacked Crete after Crete suffered tsunami, declined because of internal warfare.

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19
Q

Homer

A

Author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. We don’t know much about him or if he even existed.

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20
Q

The Iliad

A

Written by Homer. The story of the Trojan War. Greeks vs Trojans after the son of the king of Troy, Paris, took the wife of the king of Sparta, Helen. Features Achilles as the hero.

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21
Q

The Odyssey

A

Written by Homer. The story of Odysseus’ return home after the Trojan War that should have taken two weeks, but instead took ten years.

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22
Q

Olympic/Pan-Hellenic Games

A

In honor of Zeus, games that unified Greece took place every four years. Always done in the nude, only men competed. The only women allowed near were prostitutes and priestesses. The winners got wreathes and vases. Athletes represented the best of men.

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23
Q

Battle of Marathon

A

A battle in the Persian Wars between Athens and Persia. Pheidippides ran to Sparta in three days to get help, but by the time Sparta came, Athens had already won by the Hoplites using the phalanx formation.

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24
Q

Persian Wars

A

War between Greece and Persia (499-479 BCE). Eventually won by Greece.

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25
Q

Peloponnesian War

A

War between Athens and Sparta (431-404 BCE). Athens had formed a league and became a brutal empire, so Corinthians went to Sparta to ask for help. Sparta won.

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26
Q

Solon

A

An aristocrat/poet (594 BCE) that had respect for citizens and government. Ended monopoly over public office held by aristocracy, canceled debts, created the Council of Four Hundred. Started Greece’s path to democracy.

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27
Q

Peisistratus

A

A tyrant (550 BCE). Prevented aristocracy from having too much power and loaned to small farmers.

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28
Q

Cleisthenes

A

Emperor (508 BCE). Created deme, Council of Five Hundred, assembly resumed regular meetings, all male citizens were expected to participate. Instituted ostracism.

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29
Q

Aeschylus

A

Playwright (524?-456 BCE). Originator of trilogies, was concerned with the nature of gods and men.

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30
Q

Sophocles

A

Playwright (496-406 BCE). Wrote Oedipus, the story of the man who killed his father and married his mother while trying to avoid that fate. Reduced the role of gods in human affairs; divine law vs man’s law.

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31
Q

Euripides

A

Playwright (480-406 BCE). Pessimistic; humans facing disasters because of their passions.

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32
Q

Aristophanes

A

Playwright (450?-385? BCE). Wrote sexually explicit comedy, Lysistrata, about women going on a sex strike until war was stopped.

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33
Q

Herodotus

A

Historian (~485-420 BCE). “Father of History,” started doing history the way we think about it today. Wrote about the Persian Wars, but was not alive during them.

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34
Q

Thucydides

A

Historian (d. 401 BCE). Wrote History of the Peloponnesian War

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35
Q

Socrates

A

Philosopher (~470-399 BCE). Argued for the supremacy of the city-state over the individual; citizens had obligation to the state. Created the Socratic Method (questioning to find own truth). Teacher of Plato.

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36
Q

Plato

A

Philosopher (427-347 BCE). Socrates’ leading pupil; founder of the Academy; in The Republic men and women were treated equally (Utopia). Platonic love= between person’s of opposite sex; no sexual desire. Teacher to Aristotle

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37
Q

Aristotle

A

Philosopher (384-322 BCE). Plato’s greatest pupil, explored many subjects including astronomy. Thought that smaller was better for city-states. Was vocal about believing women were lower to men. Tutored Alexander the Great.

38
Q

Philip II of Macedonia

A

King of Macedonia (r 359-336 BCE). Unified Greece, conquered then pacified; father to Alexander the Great.

39
Q

Alexander the Great

A

Emperor of Greece to northwestern India (r 336-323 BCE). “Benevolent despotism.” Conquered the Persian Empire; acted swiftly to sack and kill the rebel city Thebes and held a seven month siege in Tyre. Respected local religion and maintained low taxes. Deified by Egypt.

40
Q

Oracle Bones

A

First form of writing in China that Appeared in the Shang Dynasty for use in divination

41
Q

Chinampas

A

A form of agriculture practiced by the Olmecs where plants are grown in platforms of much raised from the river

42
Q

Milpa

A

Slash and burn agriculture used by the Mayans to grow corn(maize).

43
Q

Chunu

A

Freeze dried potatoes from the Inca Empire

44
Q

Navel of the universe

A

AKA the city of Teotihuacan. It is believed that Humas emerged from the caves beneath the city

45
Q

Quipu

A

A device used by the Inca to record business transactions by knotting rope

46
Q

Mit’a

A

A system of forced labor of conquered peoples used by the Inca

47
Q

Zimbabwes

A
48
Q

Master Narrative

A
49
Q

Hegemony

A
50
Q

Dominance

A
51
Q

Indo-Europeans

A

An ethnic group from the Caucus Mountains that migrated to Geece, Turkey Persia and India.

52
Q

Satrapy

A

Persian polling area created by Darius I

53
Q

Agora

A

Place of political happenings of Polis Temple, marketplace, fountain. Greece.

54
Q

Acropolis

A

Place of holy temples/refuge. Temples were elevated. Greece.

55
Q

Monarchy

A

A nation is ruled by a single person who follows the law

56
Q

Tyranny

A

A nation ruled by one person who does not follow the law

57
Q

Oligarchy

A

A nation governed by the wealthy

58
Q

Aristocracy

A

A nation ruled by nobility

59
Q

Democracy

A

A nation ruled by its citizens

60
Q

Helots

A

Messinian Slaves

61
Q

Hoplites

A

A group of lower class soldiers who turned Sparta from an aristocracy to a oligarchy after the Helot Revolt

62
Q

Deme

A

An administrative district instituted by Cleisthenes to help organize citizens in Athens

63
Q

Ostracism

A

Aka banishment. First known form instituted by Cleisthenes where citizens could vote to banish people

64
Q

Delian League

A

Athenian Empire that gave their protection in return of payments.

65
Q

Peloponnesian League

A

A league created by Sparta in response to the Delian League created by Athens.

66
Q

Parthenon

A

A Doric temple in Athens dedicated to their patron goddess Athena.

67
Q

Propylaea

A

Entrance into Athenian acropolis.

68
Q

Erechtheum

A

Athenian temple where the columns were statues of women; held sacred items.

69
Q

Ecumene

A

A unified urban culture, encompassing vast lands & diverse people; a distinct cultural-historical community.

70
Q

Greek Loves

A

Eros–Physical/Sexual love
Agape–Spiritual love
Philia–Friendship/Affection (Platonic love)

71
Q

Pornae

A

The lowest rank or prosituet and where not well educated

72
Q

Heterare

A

The heights of prostitution they were well educated and they ranked higher then wives and where citizens

73
Q

auletrides

A

Type of prosritut that was a trained entertainer the men at private parties

74
Q

Zhengzhou

A

Capital of Shang (founded ~1700 BCE). Core covered 1 1/4 square miles and enclosed by a wall 4 1/2 miles long and 30 feet wide.

75
Q

Anyang

A

The last and most elaborate capital city; a network of site stretching 200 miles.

76
Q

Teotihuacan

A

Valley of Mexico; had the Avenue of the Dead, Temple of Quetzacoatl. Navel of the Universe–where man was believed to have emerged.

77
Q

San Lorenzo & La Venta

A

Where Olmec was located. San Lorenzo (destroyed 900 BCE), where the giant stone heads were found. La Venta (destroyed 400 BCE), where the Basalt from the heads most likely came from.

78
Q

Monte Alban

A

Location of Zapotec (500 BCE-700 CE).

79
Q

Tenochtitlan & Lake Texcoco

A
80
Q

Yucatan

A
81
Q

Andes Mountains

A
82
Q

Lake Titicaca

A
83
Q

Nubia

A
84
Q

Royal Road

A

A huge road that went through Sardis to Susa. And every 15 miles had a place to rest

85
Q

Greatest Extent of the Persian Empire

A

From Indus River valley to Egypt and Libya up to Macedonia

86
Q

Balkan Mountains

A

A mountain range that is across Greece and protected Greece from invasion

87
Q

Aegean Sea

A

Was the sea to the east of Greece and is what separates modern day Turkey from greece

88
Q

Knossos on Crete

A

Was a huge palace on Crete which is on Crete. And had plumbing. because It is so maze-like, the team who discovered it named the civilization who made it the Minoans after the Greek Myth of the minotaur

89
Q

Sparta

A

A city-state which had a strong army and were rivals of Athens

90
Q

Athens

A

A city-sate in Greek which had a string navy and was the birth place of democracy

91
Q

Salamis

A

Naval battle in which 1000 Persian ships fought 200 Greek ships . Persians lost 200 ships Greeks lost 40

92
Q

Platea

A

The place where a land battle in the persian war took place when the Greeks fought 100,000 with only 40,000 and won