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History 130 > History 130 Part III > Flashcards

History 130 Part III Flashcards

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1
Q

Big Three end of WWII

A

Britain (Churchill), Soviet Union (Stalin), US (Truman)

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2
Q

Formation of Two Worlds post-WWII

A

Soviet Union’s need for security & isolation too big for Stalin to situate Soviet Union w/in US led intl order

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3
Q

Soviet non-participation in Bretton Woods

A

Soviet Union not going to participate in liberal postwar economic order

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4
Q

Widening US-Soviet relations 1945-46

A

structural hostility between east & west

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5
Q

Kennan’s Long Telegram (1946)

A
  1. deep reservoir of Russian anti-westernism
  2. Marxist Leninist ideology
    hostility inevitable, reconciliation impossible
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6
Q

Churchill’s Iron Curtain 1946

A

curtain has descended on Europe, Soviet Union threat to peace/stability

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7
Q

American confusion on Stalin’s ambitions 1946

A

whether Soviet Union will be willing to coexist peacefully w/ west
whether Soviet Union trying to expand its domain in Europe

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8
Q

Stalin’s mixed pattern in Eastern Europe

A

works w/ local communist parties to establish government power, but elsewhere more willing to coexist w/ free postwar Europe

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9
Q

Turkey Crisis 1946

A

Crisis between Turkey & Soviet Union over Dardanelles Straits

Soviets demand Turkey gives them right to free navigation of Strait

Truman sends aircraft carrier to Mediterranean as show of strength

Stalin backs down

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10
Q

Iran Crisis 1946

A

Shah requests Soviet Union remove troops they brought to Iran during WWII

Soviet Union refuses

US intervenes on behalf of Iran

Stalin backs down

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11
Q

Mid-term election 1960

A

Rightward shift

Truman now dealing w/ Republicans in Congress

Harder to get spending packages through

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12
Q

Europe’s postwar crisis

A

cities destroyed, economic misery

misery could lead to war & radicalization

Truman proposes financial assistance

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13
Q

Britain’s postwar predicament

A

British empire beaten by WWII

Let’s go of India

Tries holding onto Palestinian mandate

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14
Q

Greek Civil War (1946-1949)

A

communists win war, want to put communists back in power

Britain ends support for anticommunist government in Greece

Question of how US will intervene

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15
Q

Truman Doctrine (1947)

A

US commits to providing assistance to free peoples everywhere struggling to retain independence against hostile external forces

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16
Q

Implications of Truman Doctrine

A

Charter for US embroilment everywhere

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17
Q

Marshall Plan (1948)

A

13B to help Europe’s socioeconomic crisis

Empowers Europeans to import goods from America

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18
Q

German Problem post-WWII

A

End of WWII Britain & France incapable of feeding Germany

Want to stabilize Germany to be able to stand on its own

Britain, US, and France merge their occupation zones

Give Marshall Aid

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19
Q

Soviet Union response to integration of West Bloc

A

1947 Stalin worried rehabilitation of Germany is being done to use Germany against Soviet Union

Stalin takes steps to secure east Germany against rehabilitated west German state

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20
Q

Eastern Europe 1947-48

A

Stalin consolidates East bloc

Stalinist regimes created in Eastern European countries

Eastern Europe transformed into ideological sphere of influence

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21
Q

Origins of Berlin Crisis 1948

A

Culimination of struggle for Germany’s fate starting in 1946/47

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22
Q

Currency Reform 1948

A

western powers have integrated their zones & undertake monetary reform by introducing new currency

Stalin sees reform as confirmation of western desire to use Germany against Soviet Union

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23
Q

Stalin’s blockade in Berlin

A

Closes West’s access to Berlin

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24
Q

Resolution of Berlin Crisis

A

Western powers resupply civilians of Berlin via airlift

Stalin backs down

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25
Q

Permanent US military role in Europe

A

1949 US enacts NATO

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26
Q

Military alliance debate shifts 1947-49

A

1947 Britain proposes military union w/ involvement of US → US unwilling to commit to Britain plan for western union of military powers

1948 West European Union created (limited version of what Britain wanted)

1949 Truman decides to committ to NATO

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27
Q

Origins of NATO

A

Military alliance (not political organization)

Designed to counter Germany & resolve Germany problem

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28
Q

Two purposes of NATO

A
  1. Anti-Soviet alliance
  2. Solves problem of Germany’s threat to security of Europe
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29
Q

Crises of 1949

A

Spring 1949 things going West’s way → late summer/fall takes turn

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30
Q

3 symptoms of upheavel in 1949

A
  1. August 1949 Soviet Union tests atomic bomb
  2. September 1949 Mao ZeDong delcares victory in China, People’s Republic of China born
  3. Domestic political mood in US takes anticommunist turn
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31
Q

Fate of East Asia after WWII

A

Bombing of Japan during WWII creates vacuum in Japanese occupied China & Southeast Asia

Japan still in command of a lot of Chinese territory at end of WWII

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32
Q

China after WWII

A

1945 two rival claims to leadership in China: Chinese Nationalist Party (Shek, Kuomintang) & Chinese Communist Party (Mao ZeDong)

Two parties had come to truce to fight Japan in 1937, but never came to full collaboration
- Nationalist party bore costs of fighting Japanese
- ZeDong avoided overengagement in fighting Japanese

Communist party in stronger position when war ends

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33
Q

Decolonization of Manchuria

A

1945 Soviet Union occupies Manchuria, Japanese forces surrender to Soviets

Stalin plays both sides:
- Agrees w/ nationalists to delay departure of Soviet forces until Kuomintang can take over Manchuria government
- Secretly encourages Chinese communists to bolster their position in Manchuria

US airlifts nationalist forces into Manchuria to help them gain strength to inherit political responsibility

Soviet w/drawal from province creates power vaccum that Chinese communists ready to fill

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34
Q

Two Factors in Chinese Civil War

A
  1. Power vaccum that exists after Japan’s defeat
  2. Unresolved conflict between nationalists & communists over postwar political rule
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35
Q

Chinese Civil War: KMT’s 1946 offensive

A

Nationalists launch offensive to destroy Mao’s communist party

Nationalists military victory doesn’t end Civil War

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36
Q

Chinese Civil War: CCP Counteroffensive

A

Civil War moves in favor of CCP

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37
Q

Factors of Civil War & CCP’s success

A
  1. CCP well organized & highly disciplined
  2. Nationalist party exhausted its military capabilities fighting Japanese during WWII
  3. Communists benefited from adept military & strategic leadership
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38
Q

Origins of Sino-Soviet alliance

A

Mao’s 1949 trip to Moscow

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39
Q

Sino-Soviet Treaty (1950)

A

Commits China & Soviet Union to security agreement

Commits Soviet Union to support postwar China’s economic reconstruction/development

Mao wants to get help from Soviet Union to make China modern

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40
Q

Implications of Sino-Soviet alliance for Cold War

A

US thinks Sino-Soviet alliance will dominate Eurasia

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41
Q

Domestic anticommunism

A

Belief treason in government (wasn’t)

McCarthy leads anticommunism

McCarthy argued US government filled w/ communists & treachery was explanation for Cold War setbacks in 1949

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42
Q

Implications of anticommunism for Truman

A

Critical of Truman Cold War strategy

Second half 1949 setbacks: Soviet bomb, loss of China, emergence of domestic anticommunism

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43
Q

NSC-68 analysis

A

Survival amid globalization demands engagement

World communism is monolithic, dynamic, cohesive

Soviet Union urgent threat

Democratic institutions make US unprepared for war

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44
Q

NSC-68 recommendations

A
  1. Continuation of present strategy (Kennan)
    → not credible bc isn’t working
  2. Reversion to prewar isolationism
    → ludicrous, opposite of what Truman wants
  3. Immediate, preemptive war
    → place holder option, no one arguing for war
  4. Rapid build up of political, economic, military strength of free world
    → favored option, continue Kennan’s containment, no direct confrontation
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45
Q

Kennan’s containment

A

Focused on Western Europe & Japan

Exploit tensions in communist world

Socialize Soviet Union into more liberal international order

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46
Q

Nitze’s NSC-68

A

Encirclement of communist world

Communist world as monolithic bloc

Defeat of Soviet Union

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47
Q

Truman’s troubles w/ NSC-68

A

Thinks NSC-68 too radical/disruptive

Says US economy can’t afford to support domestic welfare state he wants to build

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48
Q

Origins of Korean War (1950-1953)

A

End of WWII Korean peninsula occuped by US in South & Soviet Union in North

Rhee: anticommunist in South

Kim II-Sung: communist in North

North Korea attacks South Korea

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49
Q

External actors in Korean War

A

Kim tells Stalin he wants to go to war to unify peninsula & create communist government

Kim tells Stalin Mao thinks this is great idea

Kim goes to Mao saying Stalin thinks it’s great idea

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50
Q

North Korean attack & UN response

A

US mobilizes coalition w/in UN Security Council to provide military assistance to South Korea

Soviets boycotting Council

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51
Q

Waging of Korean War

A

Fighting first good for North Koreans then for UN forces

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52
Q

Inchon Landin and MacArthur’s 1950 offensive

A

Stages landing behind North Korean offensive line

Launches counter offensive towards Yellow River

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53
Q

PCR/USSR intervention in Korea

A

Mao authorizes Chinese combat forces

End 1950 stalemate on 39th parallel

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54
Q

US rollback debate in Korea

A

MacArthur advocates for US advance into China

Truman recalls MacArthur

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55
Q

Implications of rollback

A
  1. Political message: civilian supremacy in matters of war/peace will be preserved
  2. Geopolitical message: US won’t undertake risky military escalation of Cold War by rolling back communist influence where it’s already well-established
    - Truman’s rollback establishes geopolitical limits in which US will wage Cold War
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56
Q

Implications of Korean War

A

Failure of Truman administration is his inability to reconcile Cold War commitments US makes w/ domestic fiscal realities of US

Sharp increase in military spending 1949-53 by Truman

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57
Q

Eisenhower Background

A

Apolitical military leader

Committed to structure of Cold War commitments Truman has built

International figure

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58
Q

Eisenhower’s Two Policy Problems

A
  1. Military fiscal escalation under Truman
  2. Ending Korean War
    - Agreement establishing 38th parallel as line of demarcation
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59
Q

Eisenhower’s NSC-162/2 (1953)

A
  1. Containment
    - Political & economic strengthing of war, nonmilitary methods of confrontation
  2. Deterrence
    - Security perimeter around USSR, peaceful coexistence
  3. Liberation
    -Use of political, economic, psychological means to roll back Soviet power in Eastern Europe
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60
Q

Eisenhower’s New Look

A

Reaffirmation of Truman’s containment w/ new elements

Nuclear weapons

Military pacts

Propaganda

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61
Q

Conventional forces

A

Non-nuclear military capabilities

Cold War is conventional & nuclear competition

Soviets have conventional advantage

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62
Q

Strategic nuclear weapons

A

Destroy enemy’s capacity to wage war & terrorize people

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63
Q

Tactical nuclear weapons

A

For battlefield use, destroy enemy’s military formations

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64
Q

Strategic defense

A

Stop inbound nuclear weapons

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65
Q

Deterrence

A

State w/ nuclear weapons refrains from using them in fear of destruction

1950s/60s deterrence becomes default solution to safer world

Nuclear stability vs Nuclear abolitionist arguments

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66
Q

Nuclear weapons as turning point in history of warfare

A

Invention in 1945 seen as paradigm shift - but advent of nukes isn’t a binary (have them or you don’t)

Takes decade to get from early nuclear weapons to thermo-nuclear warheads of Cold War

67
Q

Origins of Atomic Age

A

1920s/30s physicists perceive possibility of using energy in atoms

Leo Szilard set Manhattan Project into motion (urges Einstein & Eisenhower)

Eisentein pacifist

1940 Manhattan Project - US wins race to bomb

68
Q

Soviet Bomb

A

1947 US estimates will take Soviet Union 10-15 years to develop bomb → take 4 years

Soviets use espionage

1945 Soviets test bomb, US still immune

69
Q

Fission

A

Splitting of unstable isotope of uranium 235

70
Q

Fusion

A

Uses hydrogen

Transforms hydrogen to helium releasing energy like sun

More destructive

71
Q

US decision to build superbomb

A

Aftermath of Soviet bomb US reconsiders building superbomb

Edward Teller leads the way

72
Q

Early 1950s race to hydrogen bomb

A

1952/54 US tests fusion bomb

1953 Soviets test fusion bomb

73
Q

Nuclear delivery vehicles

A

Development during 1950s of hydrogen bomb creates new opportunities for delivery

Fusion reactions larger than fission, a smaller warhead can be deployed → fit on missile & rockets

Late 1950s deploying rockets as delivery vehicles

74
Q

Eisenhower’s Grand Strategy

A

Believes Truman set in motion reckless escalation of fiscal spending/burden in Cold War

Wants to bring Cold War under control

Wants to restore primacy of civilian economy

75
Q

Four parts of Eisenhower’s Strategy

A
  1. End Korean War
  2. Prosposes to substitute nuclear weapons for conventional arms
    - Nuclear weapons become most important pillar of Eisenhower’s defense strategy
  3. Eager to form mutual defensive agreements w/ sovereign postcolonial states
  4. Seeks to expand covert capabilities
76
Q

Eisenhower resolves Korean War

A

Summer 1953 Korean peninsula divided

Stalin’s death brings new flexibility to North Korean diplomacy

US enacts truce at 38th parallel

77
Q

Eisenhower stabilizes East Asia 1950s

A

In Indochina Eisenhower strives to enact territorial division between North & South Vietnam at 17th parallel

1953 Eisenhower works to ensure defense of Taiwan

78
Q

Taiwan in Cold War

A

Establishing defensive frontier between China & Taiwan is big issue for Eisenhower administration

Eisenhower concludes mutual defense agreement w/ Taiwan (1955)

Eisenhower resolves crisis between China & Taiwan

79
Q

Stabilizing Europe

A

1955 neutralization of Austria

Integration of West Germany into Western defense institutions (West European Union, NATO)

Soviet Union creates Warsaw Pact 1955

80
Q

Role of alliance in stabilization of Europe

A

Military alliances in mid-50s as developments that led to stabilization of Cold War in Europe

Mid-50s Europe divided: NATO camp West & Warsaw Pact East
- Division led to stability

81
Q

Move toward detente after Stalin’s death 1953

A

Clarity of geopolitical vision enacted by mid-50s provides basis on which east-west negotiations can resume

1955 Eisenhower meets w/ Bulganin at Four Power Summit in Geneva (US, USSR, UK, France)

Now regular meetings between US & Soviet Union

82
Q

Elvis in germany

A

to be killed/defeated in event of Soviet invasion (tripwire force) & provide pretext for use of nukes

Eisenhower concluded US couldn’t afford to station force in Europe capable of deterring Soviet conventional attack on Germany

83
Q

Asymmetric strategy mid-50s

A

US presumes to deter Soviet conventional attack through nuclear deterrent & tripwire soldiers

Asymmetric deterence basis of US military strategy

84
Q

Problem of second strike 1950s

A

US policymakers dealing w/ problem of survivability of US nuclear forces in event of Soviet preemptive attack on US

To maintain credible deterrent, US has to survive first strike w/ second strike capability intact

US builds bunkers to house weapons

85
Q

Assessing Eisenhower’s Cold War policy

A

Eisenhower succeeds in effort to calm Cold War’s military-fiscal escalation

Eisenhower’s strategy relies on subsitution of conventional weapons for nuclear forces moving humans to brink of apocalypse

86
Q

Modernity in history

A

Until 19thC average human poor

In modernity only minority involved in food production

Modernity deals w/ relationship between society & energy

Industrial revolution transforms health, wealth, welfare of socieities

Industrialization isn’t global revolution

87
Q

Logic of communism

A

Primitive communism
Slavery feudalism
Capitalism
Socialism
Communism

88
Q

Communism & modernity

A

capitalism more exploitative than hierarchical agrarian society

89
Q

Bolshevik Gambit

A

Marxist revolutionaries capture Russian state in 1917

Second half 1920s reconsolidation of political control in hands of Stalin

90
Q

Stalinization

A

Late 1920s he embarks to remake Soviet economy in Marxist-Leninst mold

Sets out to create modern industrial society

Turns Russia into industrial society in 20 years

91
Q

US democratic capitalism

A

Natural rights

Political power gets legitmacy from democracy & electoral process

Mark based allocation of scarce resources
- Markets determine who gets what

92
Q

Soviet Marxist Leninist

A

All history understood as class struggle

Communist party gets right to rule as self-proclaimed political vanguard, dictatorship

Public ownership

Authoritive control of sources

93
Q

Decolonization and Cold War

A

Sovereign states increase after WWII

1950 UN affirms prerogative of all nations to constitute nation states for themselves

94
Q

Two intersections of decolonization & Cold War

A
  1. Leaders of decolonizing societies strive to avoid embroilment in Soviet-American Cold War
  2. Superpower interventionism in global south
    - Superpowers see global south as arena where Cold War could be won or lost
95
Q

US intervention in Iran 1953

A

British petroleum company after 1951 considered nationalist Iranian PM might nationalize BP’s oil holdings in Iran

British government goes to Truman saying they want to do something about nationalist PM

Truman says its your problem Britain

Iran PM overthrown –> new authoritarian regime under Mosaddegh

Eisenhower too anxious about ideological proclivities of Mosaddegh & gets played by British petroleum interests

96
Q

US intervention in Guatemala 1954

A

Expropreated land Arbenz trying to use to help poor belonged to United Fruit Corporation

US forms coup & overthrows Arbenz

Central America destabilized by corporate interests

97
Q

Suez Crisis 1956

A

Nasser in power trying to promote Egypt’s development

1956 Nasser uses canal to gain financial support for dam he wants to build & decides to nationalize Canal

98
Q

Response to Suez Crisis

A

Eisenhower worries Anglo-French operation could turn Arab world towards Soviet Union

Eisenhower tanks British pound

99
Q

Cold War significance of Suez Canal

A

Cold War preoccupations capable of motivating superpower intervention in postcolonial world, but in this case Cold War preoccupations function as break on western intervention in postcolonial world

100
Q

Eisenhower in Lebanon

A

Eisenhower commits to use US military support to support American allies in Middle East that are threatened by Soviet Union

1958 Eisenhower sends US forces to Lebanon

Eisenhower sends forces to support PM Chamoun’s government

101
Q

Background Nikita Khrushchev

A

Big Leninist
Envisions liberalization of political controls Stalin put in place
Refocuses Soviet economy on consumer needs
Sees Cold War as ideological competition

102
Q

Sputnik 1957

A

implications for US prestige, science, military

103
Q

US response to Sputnik

A

Eisenhower calls for national investment in science, tech, education & expansion of civil defense programs

104
Q

Sputnik and Crisis of Deterrence

A

If Soviets can put satellite in orbit, high probability they have ballistic missiles that can reach US

Political question of whether US willing to expose American cities to attack in order to protect European allies?

105
Q

Reformulating deterrence after Sputnik

A

Sputnik produces logic of deterrence

Up til now Eisenhower able to pursue logic of asymmetric deterrence

106
Q

Making US deterrence survivable

A

Aftermath of Sputnik Americans trying to make US military’s nuclear deterrence more survivable

US develops missile silos to house ICBMs

107
Q

1960 election Kennedy’s attacks on Eisenhower-Nixon

A

Eisenhower too willing to prioritize needs of civilian economy

Eisenhower insufficiently pursued military development

Missile gap (not actually true)

108
Q

Kennedy’s foreign policy

A

Wage war w/ more vigor

Surpass Soviet investments in nuclear weapons technology

Flexible response: build up NATO’s conventional military capability in Europe

More engagment in Global South

109
Q

Kennedy economic development

A

1961 Inagural Address preached stronger campaign to bring democratic capitalism to agrarian societies

advocates for more spending for development in Global South

110
Q

Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress comittments

A

effort to address Latin America’s marginality in US Cold War strategy

Seeks to align US w/ prodemocratic social/economic reformers in Latin America

111
Q

Older patterns of US intervention in Latin America

A

Latin America used to be principle arena of US international engagement

Western Europe now US’ commitment

112
Q

Origins of Cuban Revolution (1953-1959)

A

Castro comes to power
Castro was fighting against pro-US Bautista dictatorship
Castro not a communist in 1959

113
Q

Cuba and Cold War balance

A

East bloc (Sino-Soviet world)
West (US, Western Europe, Japan, South Korea, Australia)
Global South (nonaligned countries)

disrupts geopolitical equilibrium –> communism in western hemisphere

114
Q

Cuba’s leftward drift after 1959

A

American decisionmakers push Castro towards Soviet Union

Castro thinks explosion of ship in harbor in 1960 is CIA plot–> Castro driven closer to Soviet Union

115
Q

Bay of Pigs 1961

A

Eisenhower created plan for invasion of Cuba by anti-Castro anticommunist forces & Kennedy executes plan

It fails –> Kennedy shifts to outing Castro via covert ops

116
Q

Khrushchev’s Dilemma in Cuba

A

1961 Cuba formal ally of Soviet Union

Soviet Union is source of protection against US

Risk in what will Soviet Union do if US invades?

117
Q

Khrushchev’s decision in Cuba 1962

A

Weapons equip Soviet Union w/ means to defend Cuba from US

Missiles in Cuba closes missile gap giving Soviet Union new deterrent capability

118
Q

US discovery in Cuba Oct 16, 1962

A

photos of missiles

119
Q

Kennedy’s ExComm

A

knowledge w/in group of insiders

120
Q

Kennedy’s four options

A
  1. Enact airstrike against missile sites
  2. All out air offensive against Cuba
  3. Launch ground invasion
  4. Naval blockade to prevent delivering of new missiles
121
Q

Kennedy’s departure from ExComm

A

first favors airstrike, then convinced any military action risk escalation, opts for blockade

Oct 24, 1962 blockade implemented

122
Q

ExComm Divided

A

All out air strikes
Invasion
Limited air strikes

123
Q

Backchannel diplomacy

A

Brother Robert communications w/ Soviet KGB agent at embassy

Kennedy relies on this agent

124
Q

Black Saturday Oct 27

A

Soviets shoot down American U2 plane

Soviet sub close to firing nuclear torpedo against American destroyer

125
Q

Towards resolution of Cuban Crisis

A

Khrushchev telegraphs Washinton (Oct 28): if US removes missiles from Turkey & pledges not to invade Cuba, Soviet Union will remove missiles

Kennedy agrees, publicly commits only not to invade

126
Q

Why Khrushchev backed down

A

Understood military advantages in Caribbean favored US

If situation escalated to conventional war, US success inevitable

Nuclear war would be catastrophic to Soviet Union

Convinced history on his side

127
Q

Transformations after Cuban Crisis

A

Soviet buildsup ICBMs
Mid-60s US stops building ICBMs (MAD)

128
Q

Stabilizing arms race

A

Limited Test Ban Treaty 1963

NPT (nuclear non-proliferation treaty) 1968: no sharing nuclear weapons technology w/ non-NPT countries

129
Q

History of Indochina wars

A

First Indochina War (1946-1954): Japanese occupation during WWII, French colonialism uncertain

Second Indochina War (1955-1975): US now principle participant in wars in Vietnam on side of Republic

Third Indochina War (1979 or 1978-1991): Vietnam & China fight border war

130
Q

Fate of colonialism in Southeast Asia

A

Blows to France in WWII jeopardize sustainability of French empire

Japanese empire in Indochina

131
Q

Truman’s stance on Vietnam & French colonialism

A

1949/50 US aligns w/ French effort to build client state in Indochina

US provides France w/ financial military assistance

132
Q

Battle of Dien Bien Phu 1954

A

Vietnamese forces overrun French fortress

Leads French to want to dissolve imperial project

Playing last cared French ask Eisenhower to intervene to help French forces → Eisenhower says no

133
Q

Eisenhower’s dilemma w/ French colonialism

A

doesn’t want to be savior of European colonialism

wants to thwart communism w/o embracing colonialism

134
Q

US logic of nation building in Vietnam

A

US encourages interim government in South Vietnam to resist unification between communist North & anticommunist South

US accepts geographical division as basis on which anticommunist Vietnamese state might be built

135
Q

Anticommunist state building in South Vietnam

A

US supports Ngo Dinh Diem as president of independent South Vietnamese republic

Building up Diem begins central US foreign policy in region

136
Q

Dilemmas of Diem’s regime

A

growing communist insurgency (National Liberation Front) in South

NLF supported by North’s government

North supported by China & Soviet Union

137
Q

Kennedy & Vietnam after missile crisis

A

Escalating US commitment in South Vietnam, but doesn’t send troops

138
Q

US coup against Diem

A

1963 coup to overthrow Diem

US aligns w/ military rulers to accomplish its anticommunist war aims

139
Q

LBJ’s priorities

A

domestic politician

priority is domestic programs not war

140
Q

Gulf of Tonkin (1964)

A

Maddox attacked by North Vietnamese

First attack happened, second attack didn’t

141
Q

Policy consequences of Gulf of Tonkin

A

Resolution gives US president authority to provide military assistance to any Southeast Asian government compromised by communist aggression

142
Q

Vietnam during 1964 election

A

Americans fixated on election not war, LBJ promotes himself as peace candidate

143
Q

LBJ’s choice for escalation 1965

A

Escalatory military strategy

Authorizes South Vietnamese attacks

Bombing campaigns against North

US ground troops in South

Americanization

144
Q

LBJ’s objective in Vietnam 1965

A

Kill more communists combatants than North can replenish → this fails

145
Q

US policy shift after 1964 election

A

Antiwar movement
US allies refuse to support war
King’s “Beyond Vietnam” speech (1967)
McNamara resigns, believes war unwinnable

146
Q

Nixon’s stabilization

A

early 70s he stabilized relations w/ Soviet Union & China

147
Q

Western alliance during 1960s

A

Western alliance & eastern alliance as hierarchial system w/ superpower at top

European allies/clients of US that in 40s had embraced Marshall Aid begin to chaff US leadership

148
Q

Charles De Gaulle’s bid for autonomy in three ways

A
  1. Commits in 1960 to pursue for France independent nuclear deterrent
  2. Engages in independent diplomatic outreach to Soviet Union and China
    (1964 he vists Moscow; 1965 recognizes PRC as legitimate government of China)
  3. Monetary economics
    (Challenge to primacy of US dollar)
149
Q

Willy Brandt

A

Determined to overcome postwar division of Germany

Eastern Policy: engaged in unprecedented diplomatic outreach towards East Germany

Challenges to Cold War superpower politics in Europe

150
Q

East Bloc in 1960s

A

Eastern Europe experiences uprisings against illegitimate communist regimes

151
Q

Czechoslovakia crisis of 1968

A

Czech decides it will leave Warsaw Pact & pursue neutral policy

1969 Soviet Union invades Prague to hold East Bloc together & restore pro-communist orthodoxy

152
Q

Sino-Soviet split

A

Soviet Union doesn’t have capacity to enforce Marxist Leninst dogmatism on China

China’s pursuit of developmental trajectory different from Soviet model impacts Sino-Soviet relations

153
Q

Mao & PRC history

A

First half 1950s Mao follows Soviet model for development in China

Mid-50s Mao takes turn (Great Leap Forward Chinese modernity, but fails)

Mid-60s Cultural Revolution w/ vision of communism different from Moscow

1964 pursures/accomplishes independent nuclear capability

154
Q

US political economy

A

Permanent national security state created in 1940s is unprecedented American project

Prior to Cold War US mobilized for war by federal government undertaking temporary expansive warfare state then quickly demobilized

Cold War US commits significant national resources to military spending

155
Q

LBJ’s political economy

A

Spending begins to change as result of LBJ’s Great Society programs

Early 70s US can’t continue to devote so much of GDP to defense

Vietnam + LBJ’s domestic agenda overheats economy

156
Q

Nixon background

A

Elected 1968

VP under Eisenhower
Cold War insider

Committed to preserving Cold War internationalism & Cold War foreign policy commitments

Convinced American had role to play in leading the world

Crisis of American hegemonic leadership

157
Q

Mansfield Amendment

A

In late 60s Mansfield attempts to amend US military budget to force executive to slash US troop levels in Europe

Nixon works against Amendment & succeeds

158
Q

Kissinger background

A

National security adviser

Learns to exercise immense authority over foreign policy process through interagency process

159
Q

Imperial overstretch & decline 1960s/70s

A

End of WWII US has vast margins of material superiority over rest of intl system

Nixon determined to resolve economic decline US experiences as other countries recover from war

160
Q

Three elements of Nixon’s Vietnam policy

A
  1. Vietnamization
    (reverse LBJ’s Americanization by making South Vietnam capable of fighting on its own)
  2. Search for peace
    (diplomatic negotiations, peace terms acceptable to US, North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and National Liberation Front)
  3. Brutal military escalations of war
    (produce political circumstances more favorable to US exit)
161
Q

Three elements of 1969 Nixon Doctrine

A
  1. US will keep its existing treaty commitments to allies
  2. US will provide nuclear shield to countries protected by nuclear guarantee
  3. US will in future look to its allies to maintain their own internal security
    (reduce burdens of US war fighting responsibility)
162
Q

Difficulties in ending Vietnam War

A

US unable to strike deal w/ North that South will accept

1972 Kissinger concludes w/ North Vietnamese peace agreement committing US to w/draw all ground forces from South Vietnam & North Vietnam agrees to temporary cease fire w/ South

South reincorporated into North as single Vietnamese state

163
Q

Why Nixon accepts Oct peace

A

Election around the corner

Was escalating pressure from Congress to end war

Executive & legislative efforts to end war proceed on parallel tracks

164
Q

Detente

A

Relaxation of adversarial relationship

Describes relations Nixon built w/ Cold War adversaries in 1970s

Trying to triangulate/stabilize Cold War by playing China & Soviet Union against each other to advantage of US

History 130 (6 decks)

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