History 130 Part II Flashcards
1
Q
Cuban Revolution 1890s
A
contestation of Spanish rule in Cuba is origins of Spanish American War, mid-1890s Spain wages brutal counterinsurgency
2
Q
US non-intervention in Cuba
A
1870s Congress cautious due to racial prejudice & politics of white supremacy
3
Q
Crisis of 1898
A
explosion of USS Maine in Cuba
4
Q
Two reasons for war against Spain in 1898
A
1) Spanish minister to Washington insults McKinley 2) Explosion of USS Maine
5
Q
McKinley’s decision in Cuba & its significance
A
Goes to war; arrival of US maritime power, US has vested Spanish empire in Cuba/Philippines, US earns great power status
6
Q
Two fronts of Spanish American War
A
1) Phillipines 2) Cuba
7
Q
1898 Treaty of Paris
A
transforms Cuba, PR, Guam, Philippines from Spanish to US custody
8
Q
Teller Amendment 1898
A
prohibited McKinley from turning Cuba into colony
9
Q
Debate over Philippines
A
Pro: McKinley worried if Philippines govern themselves they’ll be influenced by rival European power –> US should step in as colonial protector
Against: US would become what it opposes, economic burden, racism
10
Q
Occupying Philippines
A
McKinley moves to annex; local elites refusal to accept US rule leads to war
11
Q
Philippine-American War (1899-1902)
A
long, dirty war leads to US victory
12
Q
Platt Amendment (1903)
A
establishes US recognition of independent Cuban republic, gives US power to intervene in Cuban affairs –> Cuba becomes informal protectorate of US
13
Q
US interest in Cuba
A
1) domination of economic interests ie sugar 2) retention of Guantanimo naval base
14
Q
Puerto Rico as US territorial possession
A
1897 becomes US territory, US excerises formal responsibility unlike in Cuba
15
Q
US interest in Panama Canal
A
better access to west coast
16
Q
Treaty of 1901
A
Roosevelt gets US released from 1850s treaty committing US & Britain to collab on canal
17
Q
US supports Panamanian independence
A
favor independence in exchange for letting US build canal
18
Q
Venezuela Crisis of 1902/03
A
nationalist govt in power, foreign owned capital destroyed –> great powers demand Venezuela compensates for their destroyed property –> Germany sends war ships
19
Q
Venezuela Crisis: Roosevelt asserts US perogative in west hemisphere
A
Monroe Doctrine said intervention bad, Roosevelt intervenes & threatens war w/ Germany
20
Q
Roosevelt Corollary
A
expands Doctrine to include Caribbean, US won’t tolerate colonial meddling by Europe
21
Q
Significance of Corollary
A
responsibility of US to act on community of nations & uphold standard of civilization, enforce world of intl game
22
Q
Roosevelt’s geopolitical vision
A
advanced/civilized vs less-advanced
23
Q
First Sino-Japanese War (1895)
A
China falls, risk being dismembered by Japan & Europe, Russia invades China
24
Q
US position on Sino-Japanese War
A
McKinley: willing to go along w/ great power collaboration, but limit to how far US will impose colonial solutions in China
25
Hay's "Open Door"
hands-off: US policy that no colonial power shall annex China --> 1911 republic of China declared
26
Taft's policy in Caribbean
less militaristic than Roosevelt, peace through legal/economic means
27
Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy"
use US economic might to promote stability & growth to stop European influence in Caribbean (ultimately US doesn't entirely abandon military force)
28
Wilson's two reforms
1) Federal Reserve (1913) 2) 16th Amendment (1913): income tax, necessary to be a superpower & for free trade policy
29
Role of Jennings Bryan as Sec of State
left-wing democrat, negotiates treaties that bind US & other countries to peaceful resolutions of disputes
30
Wilson's intervention in Mexico
strong interventionist stance in Mexico civil war, opposes Huerta
31
Two expeditions of Mexico intervention
1) Occupation of Veracruz (1915): Wilson sends force to help liberal side 2) Pershing Expedition (1916): Mexico raids New Mexico, Wilson replies w/ military response
32
Three Origins of WWI
1) institutional rigidity of Europe's alliance system 2) politics of colonial rivalry 3) politics of nationalism
33
WWI alliances
Central: Germany, Austria, Italy
Entente: Britain, France, Russia
34
Implications of WWI for US
US is world's greatest manufacturer, in singular position to help Europe
35
Asymmetric alliances of WWI
Central: German industrial economy & subs
Entente: Britain/France colonial powers, British navy, access to New World goods
36
Germany & Resources of New World in WWI
Germany deploys subs to disrupt flow of resources
37
Rise of US-German Antagonism after July 1914
Entente turn to US economy makes rise of antagonism likely
38
WWI German war strategy in Europe & Atlantic
1) 1914 invade France through Belgium 2) deploy U-boats to disrupt export flow, 1915 sink Lusitania
39
US Debate on WWI and 1916 election
1914-16 Americans want to stay out of war, Wilson's "he kept us out of war" slogan --> domestic politics constrain US embroilment
40
Zimmerman Telegraph: Crisis of Feb 1917
British intelligence get telegram from German ministry to German ambassador in CDMX; tells minister in CDMX to see if MX will ally w/ Germany in event of war w/ US & Germany will support MX's reclamation of SW territory
41
Role of submarine warfare WWI
1917 German sub boats wage unrestricted warfare against neutral shipping in Atlantic
42
Wilson declare's war April 1917
departure from Monroe & Washington Farewell Address, BUT US doesn't join Entente & Wilson commits to "peace w/o victory"
43
Wilson mobilizes US for war in four ways
1) mobilizes resources of economy
2) Congress creates War Industries Board
3) mobilizes US citizens to fight (selective service)
4) mobilizes public opinion
44
Wilson represses war's critics
Espionage Act (1917), Sedition Act (1918)
45
Impact of US intervention WWI
no impact: US fighting underwhelming for a while
impact: help entente wins in winter 1917/18, psychological impact on Germany
46
Wilson's views on international order
critical of constitution, wants US to have British institutions, politics occur under constitutional structure, system of intl order that resembles domestic constitutional structure
47
Wilson's "Peace w/o Victory" (1917)
1. imperative of US engagement
2. rejection of BoP
3. peace w/o victory
4. equality of nations
5. consent of governed
6. free trade
48
Wilson's "Fourteen Points: (1918)
open diplomacy, free navigation, free trade, arms control, adjustment of colonial claims, association of nations
49
Intellectual & Material Context for Wilson's vision
intellectual: broad support for institutional solutions to postwar order
material: first & second technological revolutions globalized world --> US can't rely on oceans for security --> globalizing world threatens US national security
50
Wilson's 1919 trip to Europe
tries to Britain & France to remake intl system --> Wilson gets League of Nations
51
Two principles of League of Nations
1. arbitration of disputes
2. colonial trusteeship
52
Global national self-determination 1917-19
WWI provides opportunity for global anti-colonial projects, Nguyen the Patriot
53
54
Senate rejects League of Nations 1919
progressive critics: makes accomodations to colonialism
conservative critics: Article 10 could allow US military action w/o Congressional say
Wilson refuses to negotiate
55
US "Absent Hegemon" 1920s
US rejection of League seen as source of instability in 1920s world order; Hegemonic Stability Theory
56
Context for US strives for peace in 1920s
even though Senate rejects League, US still remains involved in world affairs
57
Three projects of 1920s republican internationalism
1. legislate arms trade
2. control peace
3. european economic stability
58
Kellog-Briand Pact (1928)
outlaws war as instrument of statecraft
59
Europe's postwar crisis
economic catastrophe, human & capital resources destroyed
60
Charles Dawes resolution to economic crisis (1924)
private American bands lend $ to Germany --> Germany pays debts to Britain/France --> Britain/France repay American financiers
61
Illegitimate Peace
France most satisfied w/ peace; Britain thinks peace too punitive; Italy/Japan dissatisfied; Soviet Union signs peace w/ Germany 1918; Germany never accepts it (moral responsibility + reparations)
62
Impacts of Depression on Japan's economy
immiseration of Japanese farmers leads to right-wing political radicalization
right-wing argues for colonial expansion
Japan establishes regime in Manchuria (1930s)
Japan leaves League (1933)
63
Three themes of Manchuria conquest
1. radicalizing political effects of agricultural immiseration
2. orientation of rightwing militarists towards colonial conquest
3. incapacity of postwar institutions
64
Rise of Hitler
Impoverishment of Germany economy leads to radicalization & hyperinflation; 1933 Hitler chancellor
65
Two reasons Nazis win
1. more votes than communists
2. Germany's moderate conservatives think Nazis can become more moderate
66
Implications of Hitler's rise for international order
liberal intl order restored in 1919 --> illiberal govts
67
Effects of Depression on intl order early 1930s
liberal order destroyed, turn toward protectionism (Britain abandons free trade), BUT US exceptionalism (US has vast domestic economy)
68
FDR first term & New Deal Diplomacy
focused on domestic recovery, expands presidential power to get economy on track, sensitive to isolationist view of Americans
69
Good Neighbor Policy
Latin America is exception to FDR's domestic focus, reciprocal trade agreements in Latin America
70
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act 1934
empowers president to negotiate comprehensive trade deals w/ other countries; congress now issues straight vote rather than haggling line item by line item
71
Significance of Good Neighbor Policy
pillar of post-WWII liberal world order, FDR champion of hemispheric solidarity
72
European escalation early 1930s
Germany & Italy exit League, Mussolini invades Ethiopia, Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)
73
American isolationism mid-1930s
Americans frustrated w/ Wilsonian internationalism, see WWI as mistake (collusion), Neutrality Acts
74
FDR logic of hemispherism mid-1930s
affirms New-Old world separation, US will be internationalist in Americans & indifferent in rest of world
75
Spanish Civil War 1936-1939
1936 rightwing coup overthrows Spanish republic
76
Spain's war impact on FDR's view of European geopolitics
sees war not as symptom of Europe's propensity to violence, but as indication of pathology of facism as political project --> facism vs democracy replaces old vs new
77
Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-45)
Japan invades China, Americans sympathetic to China, see threat of rightwing militarism to peace
78
FDR's "Quarantine" speech (1937)
FDR eager to deploy US strength to help peaceful nations, but domestic opposition
79
Czechoslovakia and Sudetenland Crisis 1928
Hitler says citizens should become part of Germany
80
Munich Agreement (1938)
Chamberlain agrees to support German annexation of Sudetenland in exchange for pledge by Hitler to not invade other countries
81
FDR questions appeasement
concludes Hitler must be stopped, prepares US for war, announces unilateral rearmament (1939)
82
Hitler invades Czech (1939) & FDR's response
violation of Munich Agreement --> FDR tells Mussolini/Hitler to not invade 20 European countries
83
Neutrality law reform
FDR asks Congress to appeal neutrality law to let US support Britain/France
84
Cash and Carry Provision (1939)
foreign countries empowered to purchase arms from US
85
Fascist internationalism late 1930s
1936 Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939 tri-partheid pact
86
Soviet Union and Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939
Nazi-Soviet pact makes coming of WWII possible, pact based on dividing up Poland between the two, allows Germany to go to war against Poland w/o worrying about Soviet Union
87
Contingencies: from isolation to participation
US at center of intl system, historical contingencies involved in US engagement in WWII
88
Fall of France 1940
fate of Europe now in Britain's hands
89
Dunkirk 1940
English channel only protection against Germany, survival of British isles depends on capacity of airforce to maintain aerial superiority
90
Churchill's grand strategy
unlike Chamberlain opposed to appeasement --> get US assistance
91
Battle of Britain (1940)
battle against German airforce over channel, Britain has to overcome numeral disadvantage to preserve air supremacy --> British airforce prevails
92
The Blitz (1940-1941)
German aerial offensive against British people, British airforce able to recover, bad decision by Hitler
93
Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)
German sub campaign against British shipping
94
FDR prepares for war in 1940
1) cabinet reshuffle to build broadest bipartisan base for engaging in war (Stimson and Knox)
2) Selective Service Act
95
Destroyers For Bases Deal 1940
FDR transfer naval destroyers to Britain, Churchill signs over leases on British bases in Caribbean (expansion of presidential war power?)
96
Isolationism and "America First" 1940-1941
FDR wants to help British, but isolationism at its greatest height
97
Election of 1940: Fenway Speech
FDR says American boys won't be sent to war, sensitive towards isolationism
98
FDR "Arsenal of Democracy" Strategy
FDR trying to aid Britain w/o embroiling US forces, Lend Lease give Britain $7B in assistance
99
Undeclared Atlantic War 1941
Lend Lease escalates US-German hostilities, pushing US into direct participation, US navy responsible for policing western Atlantic
100
Opening of eastern front: invasion of Soviet Union 1941
strategic catastrophy for Germany, FDR extends Lend Lease to Russia
101
Atlantic Charter 1941
FDR & Churchill meet; describes postwar intl order they want to make
102
Commitments of Atlantic Charter
restore sovereignty, restore commercial liberalization, freedom of seas, disarmament of aggressors
103
FDR v Churchill's interpretation of Atlantic Charter
FDR: it applies to all people
Churchill: it applies only to victims of Nazis
104
Japan's Bid for Empire 1940-41
China mobilizes against Japan, Japan annoyed w/ Chinese resistance & focuses on Southeast Asia
105
Pearl Harbor 1941
not as successful as Japan hoped
106
Logic of Pearl Harbor
Preemptive blow against US Pacific fleet to carry it its colonial strategy & establish empire w/ maritime perimeter
107
US declares war 1941
declares war against Japan, still US weary of getting involved, Hitler is one who declares war on US
108
Churchill reacts to Pearl Harbor
thinks victory insight, but not attentive to possibility that Congress could declare war against Japan & not Germany
109
Predicament of 1942
Germany entrenched in Europe & prepping new offensive in east Soviet Union
110
Stakes of Battle of the Atlantic
most decisive front of war, 1942-43 Allies use radar against German sub warfare, US puts more commercial shipping into battle
111
Three Reasons offensive against Soviet Union falters 1942-43
1. Moscow 1941 (Soviet forces old off Germans)
2. Stalingrad (Germany trying to access oil, but w/draws)
3. Battle of Kursk 1943 (biggest turning point of war, Germany defeated)
112
Churchill's Mediterranean Strategy 1942
US/Britain invade North Africa, through Mediterranean, to Sicily --> bogged down in central Italy
113
Origins of D-Day
1943 Stalin, Churchill, FDR compromise: US & Britain will engage in cross channel invasion sometime in 1944
114
D-Day 1944
US/Britain control sky over channel, US forces don't have numerical advantage, but win ---> result: France liberated
115
Battle of Midway 1942
Nimitz carries out tactical victory against Japan in Pacific, knew about Japan's offensive plans
116
Two thrusts in US-Japan Pacific war
1. island hopping
2. Philippines (1944 free from Japan)
117
US bombing of Japan 1945
terror bombing, sub Japanese for American lives
