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History 130 > History 130 Part II > Flashcards

History 130 Part II Flashcards

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1
Q

Cuban Revolution 1890s

A

contestation of Spanish rule in Cuba is origins of Spanish American War, mid-1890s Spain wages brutal counterinsurgency

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2
Q

US non-intervention in Cuba

A

1870s Congress cautious due to racial prejudice & politics of white supremacy

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3
Q

Crisis of 1898

A

explosion of USS Maine in Cuba

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4
Q

Two reasons for war against Spain in 1898

A

1) Spanish minister to Washington insults McKinley 2) Explosion of USS Maine

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5
Q

McKinley’s decision in Cuba & its significance

A

Goes to war; arrival of US maritime power, US has vested Spanish empire in Cuba/Philippines, US earns great power status

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6
Q

Two fronts of Spanish American War

A

1) Phillipines 2) Cuba

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7
Q

1898 Treaty of Paris

A

transforms Cuba, PR, Guam, Philippines from Spanish to US custody

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8
Q

Teller Amendment 1898

A

prohibited McKinley from turning Cuba into colony

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9
Q

Debate over Philippines

A

Pro: McKinley worried if Philippines govern themselves they’ll be influenced by rival European power –> US should step in as colonial protector

Against: US would become what it opposes, economic burden, racism

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10
Q

Occupying Philippines

A

McKinley moves to annex; local elites refusal to accept US rule leads to war

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11
Q

Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

A

long, dirty war leads to US victory

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12
Q

Platt Amendment (1903)

A

establishes US recognition of independent Cuban republic, gives US power to intervene in Cuban affairs –> Cuba becomes informal protectorate of US

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13
Q

US interest in Cuba

A

1) domination of economic interests ie sugar 2) retention of Guantanimo naval base

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14
Q

Puerto Rico as US territorial possession

A

1897 becomes US territory, US excerises formal responsibility unlike in Cuba

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15
Q

US interest in Panama Canal

A

better access to west coast

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16
Q

Treaty of 1901

A

Roosevelt gets US released from 1850s treaty committing US & Britain to collab on canal

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17
Q

US supports Panamanian independence

A

favor independence in exchange for letting US build canal

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18
Q

Venezuela Crisis of 1902/03

A

nationalist govt in power, foreign owned capital destroyed –> great powers demand Venezuela compensates for their destroyed property –> Germany sends war ships

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19
Q

Venezuela Crisis: Roosevelt asserts US perogative in west hemisphere

A

Monroe Doctrine said intervention bad, Roosevelt intervenes & threatens war w/ Germany

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20
Q

Roosevelt Corollary

A

expands Doctrine to include Caribbean, US won’t tolerate colonial meddling by Europe

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21
Q

Significance of Corollary

A

responsibility of US to act on community of nations & uphold standard of civilization, enforce world of intl game

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22
Q

Roosevelt’s geopolitical vision

A

advanced/civilized vs less-advanced

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23
Q

First Sino-Japanese War (1895)

A

China falls, risk being dismembered by Japan & Europe, Russia invades China

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24
Q

US position on Sino-Japanese War

A

McKinley: willing to go along w/ great power collaboration, but limit to how far US will impose colonial solutions in China

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25
Q

Hay’s “Open Door”

A

hands-off: US policy that no colonial power shall annex China –> 1911 republic of China declared

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26
Q

Taft’s policy in Caribbean

A

less militaristic than Roosevelt, peace through legal/economic means

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27
Q

Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”

A

use US economic might to promote stability & growth to stop European influence in Caribbean (ultimately US doesn’t entirely abandon military force)

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28
Q

Wilson’s two reforms

A

1) Federal Reserve (1913) 2) 16th Amendment (1913): income tax, necessary to be a superpower & for free trade policy

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29
Q

Role of Jennings Bryan as Sec of State

A

left-wing democrat, negotiates treaties that bind US & other countries to peaceful resolutions of disputes

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30
Q

Wilson’s intervention in Mexico

A

strong interventionist stance in Mexico civil war, opposes Huerta

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31
Q

Two expeditions of Mexico intervention

A

1) Occupation of Veracruz (1915): Wilson sends force to help liberal side 2) Pershing Expedition (1916): Mexico raids New Mexico, Wilson replies w/ military response

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32
Q

Three Origins of WWI

A

1) institutional rigidity of Europe’s alliance system 2) politics of colonial rivalry 3) politics of nationalism

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33
Q

WWI alliances

A

Central: Germany, Austria, Italy
Entente: Britain, France, Russia

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34
Q

Implications of WWI for US

A

US is world’s greatest manufacturer, in singular position to help Europe

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35
Q

Asymmetric alliances of WWI

A

Central: German industrial economy & subs
Entente: Britain/France colonial powers, British navy, access to New World goods

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36
Q

Germany & Resources of New World in WWI

A

Germany deploys subs to disrupt flow of resources

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37
Q

Rise of US-German Antagonism after July 1914

A

Entente turn to US economy makes rise of antagonism likely

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38
Q

WWI German war strategy in Europe & Atlantic

A

1) 1914 invade France through Belgium 2) deploy U-boats to disrupt export flow, 1915 sink Lusitania

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39
Q

US Debate on WWI and 1916 election

A

1914-16 Americans want to stay out of war, Wilson’s “he kept us out of war” slogan –> domestic politics constrain US embroilment

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40
Q

Zimmerman Telegraph: Crisis of Feb 1917

A

British intelligence get telegram from German ministry to German ambassador in CDMX; tells minister in CDMX to see if MX will ally w/ Germany in event of war w/ US & Germany will support MX’s reclamation of SW territory

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41
Q

Role of submarine warfare WWI

A

1917 German sub boats wage unrestricted warfare against neutral shipping in Atlantic

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42
Q

Wilson declare’s war April 1917

A

departure from Monroe & Washington Farewell Address, BUT US doesn’t join Entente & Wilson commits to “peace w/o victory”

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43
Q

Wilson mobilizes US for war in four ways

A

1) mobilizes resources of economy
2) Congress creates War Industries Board
3) mobilizes US citizens to fight (selective service)
4) mobilizes public opinion

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44
Q

Wilson represses war’s critics

A

Espionage Act (1917), Sedition Act (1918)

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45
Q

Impact of US intervention WWI

A

no impact: US fighting underwhelming for a while
impact: help entente wins in winter 1917/18, psychological impact on Germany

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46
Q

Wilson’s views on international order

A

critical of constitution, wants US to have British institutions, politics occur under constitutional structure, system of intl order that resembles domestic constitutional structure

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47
Q

Wilson’s “Peace w/o Victory” (1917)

A
  1. imperative of US engagement
  2. rejection of BoP
  3. peace w/o victory
  4. equality of nations
  5. consent of governed
  6. free trade
48
Q

Wilson’s “Fourteen Points: (1918)

A

open diplomacy, free navigation, free trade, arms control, adjustment of colonial claims, association of nations

49
Q

Intellectual & Material Context for Wilson’s vision

A

intellectual: broad support for institutional solutions to postwar order

material: first & second technological revolutions globalized world –> US can’t rely on oceans for security –> globalizing world threatens US national security

50
Q

Wilson’s 1919 trip to Europe

A

tries to Britain & France to remake intl system –> Wilson gets League of Nations

51
Q

Two principles of League of Nations

A
  1. arbitration of disputes
  2. colonial trusteeship
52
Q

Global national self-determination 1917-19

A

WWI provides opportunity for global anti-colonial projects, Nguyen the Patriot

53
Q
A
54
Q

Senate rejects League of Nations 1919

A

progressive critics: makes accomodations to colonialism
conservative critics: Article 10 could allow US military action w/o Congressional say
Wilson refuses to negotiate

55
Q

US “Absent Hegemon” 1920s

A

US rejection of League seen as source of instability in 1920s world order; Hegemonic Stability Theory

56
Q

Context for US strives for peace in 1920s

A

even though Senate rejects League, US still remains involved in world affairs

57
Q

Three projects of 1920s republican internationalism

A
  1. legislate arms trade
  2. control peace
  3. european economic stability
58
Q

Kellog-Briand Pact (1928)

A

outlaws war as instrument of statecraft

59
Q

Europe’s postwar crisis

A

economic catastrophe, human & capital resources destroyed

60
Q

Charles Dawes resolution to economic crisis (1924)

A

private American bands lend $ to Germany –> Germany pays debts to Britain/France –> Britain/France repay American financiers

61
Q

Illegitimate Peace

A

France most satisfied w/ peace; Britain thinks peace too punitive; Italy/Japan dissatisfied; Soviet Union signs peace w/ Germany 1918; Germany never accepts it (moral responsibility + reparations)

62
Q

Impacts of Depression on Japan’s economy

A

immiseration of Japanese farmers leads to right-wing political radicalization

right-wing argues for colonial expansion

Japan establishes regime in Manchuria (1930s)

Japan leaves League (1933)

63
Q

Three themes of Manchuria conquest

A
  1. radicalizing political effects of agricultural immiseration
  2. orientation of rightwing militarists towards colonial conquest
  3. incapacity of postwar institutions
64
Q

Rise of Hitler

A

Impoverishment of Germany economy leads to radicalization & hyperinflation; 1933 Hitler chancellor

65
Q

Two reasons Nazis win

A
  1. more votes than communists
  2. Germany’s moderate conservatives think Nazis can become more moderate
66
Q

Implications of Hitler’s rise for international order

A

liberal intl order restored in 1919 –> illiberal govts

67
Q

Effects of Depression on intl order early 1930s

A

liberal order destroyed, turn toward protectionism (Britain abandons free trade), BUT US exceptionalism (US has vast domestic economy)

68
Q

FDR first term & New Deal Diplomacy

A

focused on domestic recovery, expands presidential power to get economy on track, sensitive to isolationist view of Americans

69
Q

Good Neighbor Policy

A

Latin America is exception to FDR’s domestic focus, reciprocal trade agreements in Latin America

70
Q

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act 1934

A

empowers president to negotiate comprehensive trade deals w/ other countries; congress now issues straight vote rather than haggling line item by line item

71
Q

Significance of Good Neighbor Policy

A

pillar of post-WWII liberal world order, FDR champion of hemispheric solidarity

72
Q

European escalation early 1930s

A

Germany & Italy exit League, Mussolini invades Ethiopia, Rome-Berlin Axis (1936)

73
Q

American isolationism mid-1930s

A

Americans frustrated w/ Wilsonian internationalism, see WWI as mistake (collusion), Neutrality Acts

74
Q

FDR logic of hemispherism mid-1930s

A

affirms New-Old world separation, US will be internationalist in Americans & indifferent in rest of world

75
Q

Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

A

1936 rightwing coup overthrows Spanish republic

76
Q

Spain’s war impact on FDR’s view of European geopolitics

A

sees war not as symptom of Europe’s propensity to violence, but as indication of pathology of facism as political project –> facism vs democracy replaces old vs new

77
Q

Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-45)

A

Japan invades China, Americans sympathetic to China, see threat of rightwing militarism to peace

78
Q

FDR’s “Quarantine” speech (1937)

A

FDR eager to deploy US strength to help peaceful nations, but domestic opposition

79
Q

Czechoslovakia and Sudetenland Crisis 1928

A

Hitler says citizens should become part of Germany

80
Q

Munich Agreement (1938)

A

Chamberlain agrees to support German annexation of Sudetenland in exchange for pledge by Hitler to not invade other countries

81
Q

FDR questions appeasement

A

concludes Hitler must be stopped, prepares US for war, announces unilateral rearmament (1939)

82
Q

Hitler invades Czech (1939) & FDR’s response

A

violation of Munich Agreement –> FDR tells Mussolini/Hitler to not invade 20 European countries

83
Q

Neutrality law reform

A

FDR asks Congress to appeal neutrality law to let US support Britain/France

84
Q

Cash and Carry Provision (1939)

A

foreign countries empowered to purchase arms from US

85
Q

Fascist internationalism late 1930s

A

1936 Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939 tri-partheid pact

86
Q

Soviet Union and Nazi-Soviet Pact 1939

A

Nazi-Soviet pact makes coming of WWII possible, pact based on dividing up Poland between the two, allows Germany to go to war against Poland w/o worrying about Soviet Union

87
Q

Contingencies: from isolation to participation

A

US at center of intl system, historical contingencies involved in US engagement in WWII

88
Q

Fall of France 1940

A

fate of Europe now in Britain’s hands

89
Q

Dunkirk 1940

A

English channel only protection against Germany, survival of British isles depends on capacity of airforce to maintain aerial superiority

90
Q

Churchill’s grand strategy

A

unlike Chamberlain opposed to appeasement –> get US assistance

91
Q

Battle of Britain (1940)

A

battle against German airforce over channel, Britain has to overcome numeral disadvantage to preserve air supremacy –> British airforce prevails

92
Q

The Blitz (1940-1941)

A

German aerial offensive against British people, British airforce able to recover, bad decision by Hitler

93
Q

Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)

A

German sub campaign against British shipping

94
Q

FDR prepares for war in 1940

A

1) cabinet reshuffle to build broadest bipartisan base for engaging in war (Stimson and Knox)
2) Selective Service Act

95
Q

Destroyers For Bases Deal 1940

A

FDR transfer naval destroyers to Britain, Churchill signs over leases on British bases in Caribbean (expansion of presidential war power?)

96
Q

Isolationism and “America First” 1940-1941

A

FDR wants to help British, but isolationism at its greatest height

97
Q

Election of 1940: Fenway Speech

A

FDR says American boys won’t be sent to war, sensitive towards isolationism

98
Q

FDR “Arsenal of Democracy” Strategy

A

FDR trying to aid Britain w/o embroiling US forces, Lend Lease give Britain $7B in assistance

99
Q

Undeclared Atlantic War 1941

A

Lend Lease escalates US-German hostilities, pushing US into direct participation, US navy responsible for policing western Atlantic

100
Q

Opening of eastern front: invasion of Soviet Union 1941

A

strategic catastrophy for Germany, FDR extends Lend Lease to Russia

101
Q

Atlantic Charter 1941

A

FDR & Churchill meet; describes postwar intl order they want to make

102
Q

Commitments of Atlantic Charter

A

restore sovereignty, restore commercial liberalization, freedom of seas, disarmament of aggressors

103
Q

FDR v Churchill’s interpretation of Atlantic Charter

A

FDR: it applies to all people
Churchill: it applies only to victims of Nazis

104
Q

Japan’s Bid for Empire 1940-41

A

China mobilizes against Japan, Japan annoyed w/ Chinese resistance & focuses on Southeast Asia

105
Q

Pearl Harbor 1941

A

not as successful as Japan hoped

106
Q

Logic of Pearl Harbor

A

Preemptive blow against US Pacific fleet to carry it its colonial strategy & establish empire w/ maritime perimeter

107
Q

US declares war 1941

A

declares war against Japan, still US weary of getting involved, Hitler is one who declares war on US

108
Q

Churchill reacts to Pearl Harbor

A

thinks victory insight, but not attentive to possibility that Congress could declare war against Japan & not Germany

109
Q

Predicament of 1942

A

Germany entrenched in Europe & prepping new offensive in east Soviet Union

110
Q

Stakes of Battle of the Atlantic

A

most decisive front of war, 1942-43 Allies use radar against German sub warfare, US puts more commercial shipping into battle

111
Q

Three Reasons offensive against Soviet Union falters 1942-43

A
  1. Moscow 1941 (Soviet forces old off Germans)
  2. Stalingrad (Germany trying to access oil, but w/draws)
  3. Battle of Kursk 1943 (biggest turning point of war, Germany defeated)
112
Q

Churchill’s Mediterranean Strategy 1942

A

US/Britain invade North Africa, through Mediterranean, to Sicily –> bogged down in central Italy

113
Q

Origins of D-Day

A

1943 Stalin, Churchill, FDR compromise: US & Britain will engage in cross channel invasion sometime in 1944

114
Q

D-Day 1944

A

US/Britain control sky over channel, US forces don’t have numerical advantage, but win —> result: France liberated

115
Q

Battle of Midway 1942

A

Nimitz carries out tactical victory against Japan in Pacific, knew about Japan’s offensive plans

116
Q

Two thrusts in US-Japan Pacific war

A
  1. island hopping
  2. Philippines (1944 free from Japan)
117
Q

US bombing of Japan 1945

A

terror bombing, sub Japanese for American lives

History 130 (6 decks)

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