History 130 Part I Flashcards
1
Q
Article II Execution foreign policy powers
A
commander in chief, negoiate w/ foreign powers, make treaties, nominate ambassadors, leader of executive branch
2
Q
Article I Legislative foreign policy powers
A
declare war, ratify treaties, budget
3
Q
Security dilemma
A
in competitive international system basic predicament of every state is insecurity leading states to maximize power over others
4
Q
Reason for Iberian Atlantic thrust
A
circumvent Venice’s domination of Eurasian trade; find Christian states in Africa to ally w/ against Ottomans; geopolitical anxieties & commercial desire
5
Q
1494 deal between Portugal and Spain
A
Spain gets the Caribbean, is a secular settlement not involving Pope that marks Europe’s movement towards sovereign states system
6
Q
Charles V & Origins of European IR
A
1519 Charles becomes ruler of a lot of Europe and is a plausible hegemon w/ power to dominate European international system
7
Q
Spanish conquest of Mexica Empire
A
Infectious disease + Indigenous opponents (to Mexica) = Cortes overthrows Mexica
8
Q
Europe’s Counter-Hegemonic Wars
A
16thC England & France mobilizing against Spainsh-Habsburg; Frances I allies w/ Ottomans; Spain wonders if costs of empire worth it
9
Q
Spanish rivals enter North America
A
early 17thC English, French, Dutch enter the scence
10
Q
Endurance of Indigenous North America
A
Native independence in North endures due to France’s style of colonialism organized around collaborative relationship vs English settler colonial empire
11
Q
Context of 1648 Westphalia
A
16thC countries organize to counter Spanish domination of Europe, conflict conglomerates into Thirty Years War (1618-48)
12
Q
Thirty Years War
A
1618-1648, war against Habsburg Spain, England not involved b/c dealing w/ internal disputes over its legitimacy
13
Q
Peace of Westphalia 1648
A
general peace, provides series of solutions to problems w/ little notation of long term consequences of IR
14
Q
Second Hundred Years War (1689-1815)
A
after 1659 France emerges as domiante power ruled by Louis XIV, late 17thC France expands imperial control in North America & asymmetric clash of empires between France & Britain
15
Q
Transformations of Britain in 17th/18thC
A
1707 union between English & Scottish; 1630s conflict between authoritarian monarchy & aristocracy comes to head resulting in civil war (monarchy overthrown, republic comes to power, monarchy restored 1660)
16
Q
Glorious Revolution of 1688
A
1685 Catholic James II comes to throne, Protestants alienated, Parliament overthrows monarchy, parliament installs new constitutional monarch (Orange) whose subject to authority of parliament
17
Q
Geopolitical significance of Glorious Revolution
A
established English monarchs would rule only at pleasure of Parliament –> parliamentary sovereignty; England undergoes reforms to make it stronger & united in 1707; Britain now credible rival to France
18
Q
Nine Years War (1688-1697)
A
first great conflict between England & France, first Anglo-French war involving colonial fighting; English colonists fail to seize Quebec & treaty restores to status quo
19
Q
War of Spanish Succession (1702-1714)
A
geopolitical destiny of Spain; vacancy of Spanish throne leads Louis XIV to try to put Frenchman on throne
20
Q
Stakes of War of Spanish Succession
A
will Spain continue to be independent actor in European politics or will it be reduced to vessel of France?
21
Q
1714 Peace of Utrecht
A
allows monarch whose member of French royal family to sit on throne, prohibits Spain & France from joining in formal alliance
22
Q
Significance of Peace of Utrecht
A
affirms for first time shared commitment of powers to maintain BoP, ensuring that European system won’t be dominated by one power
23
Q
Slavery and Colonization in Atlantic
A
depopulation meant need for more labor, creation of slave societies
24
Q
Mid-17thC Escalation of European colonial warfare
A
European states engaged in colonialism needed to balance costs of imperial enforcement vs value that was extracted; 1651 Navigation Acts defining British empire as closed economic arena
25
War of Jenkins' Ear (1739-1748)
Jenkins ear cut off by Spanish man, public outcry leads Britain to go to war w/ Spain, merges into War of Austrian Succession
26
War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
merging of Jenkins & Succession produced entangled European & colonial war; Royal Navy & New England militia fail to capture Quebec, but seize Louisbourg in 1745; peace settlement restores to status quo
27
Seven Years War (1755-1763)
starts as Anglo-French confrontation over Ohio Valley, 1755 Washington goes to deliver letter to French trying to build fort at Pittsburg, whoever controls Pittsburg controls river traffic; French ignore letter & London sends military expedition that fails
28
Britain's Phyrric Victory 1763
in 1758 William Pitt wants to employ maximalist war strategy in Seven Years War, Pitt gets victories across globe in 1759 (including Quebec); Pitt's strategy creates concern in London
29
British debate over peace 1763
should British return Canada or Guadeloupe to France?
30
Peace of Paris 1763
Ends Seven Years War: British take Canada from French & Florida from Spain, secretly French give Louisiana to Spanish
31
Consequences of 1763 Peace of Paris
British empire now dominates eastern North America & French out of imperial game in North America
32
Consequences of instability in trans-Appalachian for British Empire
newly gained French & Spanish territory controlled by Natives, Pontiac's Rebellion 1763
33
Securing empire: Proclamation Line of 1763
George III draws line along Appalachian mountains dividing British North America in two: settlers in east & Natives in west; goal to stabilize empire & avoid rebellion w/ Indigenous
34
Lord Grenville's Reform Agenda
stabilization of frontiers, rebalancing of fiscal burdens, economic invigoration of empire, establishment of parliament's supreme authority
35
Stamp Act controversy
tax imposted on trade within North America, parliament institutes Declaratory Act establishing its right to tax North America
36
Franklin vs Dickinson taxation 1765
Franklin says external taxes ok & internal taxes not ok; Dickinson argues British imperial system can't tax Americans
37
Townsend Duties 1767
imposed on commerce not within North America; taxing commerce not colonists
38
Hamilton's 1775 pamphlet
states George III is only sovereign of the empire; parliament has no right to exercise authority over colonists
39
Metropolitan vs Colonial vision of empire
metroplitan believes revolution of 1688 established parliamentary supremacy; colonists challenge parliamentary supremacy
40
Escalation of rebellion after 1772
1774-1775 patriots stockpile arms, 1774 first Continental Congress, Summer 1776 choice to declare independence made, July 1776 CC approves DoI
41
Accomplishments of 1776 Declaration of Independence
Does: acknowledges laws of nature, itemizes complaints against British
Doesn't: make appeal to Parliament or King, invoke rights of colonists as citizens of British Empire
42
Importance of Declaration of Independence
revolutionaries no longer staking political claims as citizens of empire, assertion that American colonies are open to commerce of world, asserts equal standing of US among world powers, trying to gain French support
43
Paradox of slavery
revolution enacted in name of natural rights being enacted by people dependent on system of labor coercion
44
Summerset Decision of 1772
grants Summerset his freedom, reassumed logic of core-periphery differentiation
45
Predicament of colonies 1775-1777
1776 British empire is world's greatest military force, vulnerable to British Navy, can't secure independence w/ arms alone, need European assistance
46
Early setbacks in Revolutionary War
1776 New York falls to British, 1777 Philadelphia falls, 1777 British isolate New England
47
Battle of Saratoga 1777
American forces defeat British which convinces French that American cause is viable & leads to Anglo-French alliance in 1778
48
France and Spain's choice for intervention
France joins 1778, 1779 France convinces Spain to join making it a global war
49
Washington's troubles
CC is structurally incapable of mobilizing meaningful war effort; Congress can’t raise taxes; Federal government lacks power to impose federal taxes
50
Victories at Chespeake & Yorktown
1781 France delivers decisive blow at Yorktown; 1781 French fleet enters Chesapeake Bay forcing British to surrender
51
Yorktown political crisis in Britain
Lord North wants to continue war, 1781-1782 Parliament revolts against North's war policy, 1782 Parliament cuts off funding for war & North resigns
52
Lord Shelburne's choice for peace
believes independent US can be compelled to operate w/in British Empire, willing to give generous peace terms
53
Treaty of Paris 1783
US receives all British territorial claims west of Appalachian (land British got from France in 1763 treaty)
54
Paine balance of power vision
North America separate from Europe, European arena prone to war
55
Failures of 1780s Confederation Congress
weak institutional arrangements: no power to tax or conduct meaningful foreign relations
56
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
created to figure out how lands received from Britain in 1783 can be governed; framework for western expansion & admittance into Union; western states should be organized as states
57
Significance of Northwest Ordinance
new kind of horizontal imperial expansion whereby new states can join on equal footing
58
Immediate struggle for western expansion
Shaw's Rebellion 1796, Indigenous dominate Ohio Valley, escalated conflict amongst Anglo-American settlers going west & Natives --> 1780s organize in opposition to settlement
59
Making of federal Constitution
Summer 1787 leaders convene, Madison architect of new government w/ Congress at the center, designed to create government strong enough to represent US on global scale, institutional order among states
60
Constitution and foreign policy
Article I gives Congress power to regulate commerce, declare war, raise army, maintain navy; Article I prohibits states from putting duties on trade, maintaining naval forces, making agreements w/ foreign powers
61
Hamilton vs Democratic Peace Theory
says war is universal human experience, republican democracy can't prevent war, only strong institutions can prevent war, security hinges on new Constitution
62
Foreign policy challenges under Washington
small population, lacks well-established institutions, western frontier suffering, British has forts in Northwest, Spanish have forts in Southwest
63
Washington's Grand Strategy
Southwest: agrees in 1790 to treaty respecting existing territorial borders of Creek nation
Northwest: 1791 sends military to protect settlers, Treaty of Greenville (US gets Ohio)
64
French Revolution
1789 w/ overthrow of monarchy, Europe is divided on the Revolution & America divided over legitimacy of Revolution, 1790s Washington remains neutral
65
Genet Affair
French believe they have claim to get access to American market to support war effort, Ambassador Genet tries to get US to support revolution; ends 1794 when French government overthrown
66
Anglo-American relations during French Revolution
1793 British go to war w/ France, British stop American vessels from trading w/ France, 1794 talk of US war against Britain
67
Jay Treaty 1794
Washington doesn't want war so sends John Jay to London; US gets special access to British domestic markets, British abandon some of their western forts, & Americans respect British blockade against French
68
Haiti & America
1789 enslaved rise against French, American slaveholders scared by success of revolution, precursor for Louisiana Purchase
68
Washington's Farewell Address 1796
have as little political connection as possible w/ foreign nations
69
Two Points of Context for Washington's Address
1) relative geopolitical weakness of US 2) intense domestic political division in US (in response to international developments)
70
Washington's Logic of Jay Treaty
Make nice w/ Britain b/c Britain bigger naval power, alienates France
71
French meddling in 1796 election
French favor Jefferson over Adams, Adams moves to buildup US naval capabilities --> possible US-France naval conflict
72
Alien Act 1789
implemented by Adams, deports foreigners suspected of being hostile to US
73
Sedition Act 1789
Adams, executive branch to punish speech deemed disloyal/critical of government
74
Significance of Adams' acts to combat dissent
reveal power of alleged national security concern to legitimate encroachment on civil liberties
75
Quasi War with France
Adams trying to back away from war w/ France to avoid destabilizing US; 1799 Adams moves to negotiate treaty, 1800 Convention between countries ends war
76
Significance of Convention ending US-France Quasi War
Convention frees US from entanglement of European power politics that were necessary in 1775-76 to achieve independence ; US released from Anglo-French alliance
77
Paradox of Thomas Jefferson
Was a radical republican, but as president he stretched parameters of permissible presidential authority
78
Context of Louisiana Purchase
France under Napoleon Bonaparte who envisions new French North American empire, France reacquires Louisiana, Napoleon also wants Haiti back --> French fail to recapture Haiti & Napoleon no longer wants Louisiana --> uses Louisiana to set British & US against each other
79
US desire for Louisiana
trade & geographic access to US interior, port of New Orleans essential for trade into interest West, fertile land between Appalachain & Rockys
80
Louisiana Purchase 1802
Jefferson buys it for $11M, borrows money from British bank
81
Barbary Wars: Tripolitan pirates
Jefferson doesn't want to continue paying ransoms, 1804 sends military mission to release captives from pirates
82
Significance of Barbary Wars
Jefferson's actions increased power of presidency --> no declaration of war ever declared against pirates
83
Britain & France economic war
first decade of 19thC economic war between Britain, France, & their allies escalates; context for War of 1812
84
Three defining features of Jefferson's presidency (1801-1809)
Louisiana Purchase, Barbary Wars, escalation of American commercial rivalry w/ European powers
85
Berlin Decree 1807
issued by Napoleon, prohibits all commerce between French-occupied Europe & Britain
86
Orders in Counsel 1807
authorize British navy to take action against neutral vessels engaging in trade w/ French ports
87
Jefferson's response to Anglo-French economic war
declares embargo on US trade w/ Europe, 1807 Congress passes Embargo Act prohibiting Americans from trading w/ Britain & France until countries respect neutral rights of American merchants
88
Disaster of 1807 Embargo Act
American merchants mad & Jefferson responds by suppressing domestic critics
89
Non-intercourse Act 1809
Opens American ports to trade except w/ Britain & France --> will reopen trade w/ country that respects neutral rights of American traders
90
Madison response: trade w/ France
opens trade between US & France → escalating hostility between US & Britain which contributes to War of 1812
91
Tecumseh's War of 1811
organized rebel on northwestern frontier, Tecumseh operates as British ally --> Anglo-American hostilities in west contribute to War of 1812
92
Origins of War of 1812
Anglo-American hostilities from Madison's France trade decision & Tecumseh's War
93
Waging of War of 1812
US fails to conquer Canada, but prevents British invasion of Great Lakes, 1814 British burn DC
94
Domestic political consequences of War of 1812
New England unhappy w/ Madison & discussions succession --> brink of disunion
95
Convention of Ghent 1815
Madison seeks peace, restores status quo: US doesn't get Canada, British agree to end Native alliances south of US-Canada border
96
Significance of Convention of Ghent
Natives become subject to American power
97
Context for getting Florida
1810s Spanish Empire unravels, 1807 war for control of Spain by Napoleon, 1811-1821 Spanish America becomes independent from Spain
98
Madison's effort to seize Florida
1810 seizes west Florida, 1812 seize east Florida from Seminoles (Madison argues inability of Spanish to suppress Seminoles justifies US sending military forces)
99
Seminole Wars 1810s
1818 Jackson executes British subjects & seizes Pensicola
100
Adams Onis Treaty (1819)
lead by John Quincy Adams, Spain gives Florida to US & accepts transcontinental line at 42nd parallel, US gives up Texas
101
Significance of Adams Onis Treaty
1) first international treaty to establish a credible US claim on the Pacific coast 2) establishes geopolitical paramountcy of US in North America for first time 3) US greatest power in North America
102
Context of Monroe Doctrine
Spain's loss of New World territory prompts discussion in Europe to restore Spanish Empire; British uninterested b/c fragmentation of Spanish Empire is opportunity for British to establish informal influence in Spanish-speaking America
103
George Canning's proposal
US & Britain should collab to stop European powers from intervening & reestablishing Spanish Empire
104
Monroe's position on Canning's response
wants to work w/ Britain
105
John Quincy Adams' position on Canning's response
doesn't want to work w/ Britain, believes no way European powers will actually gain control of New World together, domestic consequences of working w/ Britain
106
John Quincy Adams' July 4, 1822 speec
says US won’t go out into world & won’t tolerate external intervention in its hemisphere
107
4 principles of Monroe Doctrine
1) Americas won’t be subject to European colonization
2) US will oppose all European intervention in New World
3) US will not intervene in Europe
4) US will tolerate no transfer of Spain’s remaining possessions in New World to any other European power
108
Significance of Monroe Doctrine
affirms hemispheric separation
109
Paine, Common Sense (1776)
US could ally w/ Spain or France to gain independence
110
Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence (1776)
makes charges against George III, colonists have right to rebel
111
Games "Making Colonies"
linked global development of empire: european rivalries & commerical interests lead to emergence of American enterprises, British use strategies learned from across world, colonies made empires transregionally, empires made & unmade colonies
112
Hamalainen, "Indigenous shaping early America"
Indigenous population was powerful & shaped empire; created regional worlds where they had sovereignty
113
Hinderaker and Horn "Imperial Wars"
warfare & imperial reform tightly linked processes as colonization of Americas stimulated development of European empires; warfare prompted imperial reforms & reforms prompted conflict;
114
Hamilton, Federalist 6-8
states must unify to avoid war, harmony impossible under system of independent unconnected sovereignities
115
Washington, Farewell Adress (1796)
America needs to put national interests first & stay out of international geopolitical conflicts, govt unity essential
116
Polk, "First Annual Message"
preserve peace w/ all nations, be prepared to resist aggression
117
Hulseboach, "Imperfect Unions"
North Americans formed independence-through-union projects on national, international, transnational levels to gain independence (Continental Congress, treatoes, DoI, Jay Treaty, Anglo-French alliance)
118
Fitz, "US and the Americas"
maybe skip this one
119
DeLay, "Indigenous Polities, 1820-1900"
US expansion occurred w/in system of polities that created international system; Indigenous polities were powerful & formed international system of North America
