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History 130 > History 130 Part I > Flashcards

History 130 Part I Flashcards

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1
Q

Article II Execution foreign policy powers

A

commander in chief, negoiate w/ foreign powers, make treaties, nominate ambassadors, leader of executive branch

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2
Q

Article I Legislative foreign policy powers

A

declare war, ratify treaties, budget

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3
Q

Security dilemma

A

in competitive international system basic predicament of every state is insecurity leading states to maximize power over others

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4
Q

Reason for Iberian Atlantic thrust

A

circumvent Venice’s domination of Eurasian trade; find Christian states in Africa to ally w/ against Ottomans; geopolitical anxieties & commercial desire

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5
Q

1494 deal between Portugal and Spain

A

Spain gets the Caribbean, is a secular settlement not involving Pope that marks Europe’s movement towards sovereign states system

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6
Q

Charles V & Origins of European IR

A

1519 Charles becomes ruler of a lot of Europe and is a plausible hegemon w/ power to dominate European international system

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7
Q

Spanish conquest of Mexica Empire

A

Infectious disease + Indigenous opponents (to Mexica) = Cortes overthrows Mexica

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8
Q

Europe’s Counter-Hegemonic Wars

A

16thC England & France mobilizing against Spainsh-Habsburg; Frances I allies w/ Ottomans; Spain wonders if costs of empire worth it

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9
Q

Spanish rivals enter North America

A

early 17thC English, French, Dutch enter the scence

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10
Q

Endurance of Indigenous North America

A

Native independence in North endures due to France’s style of colonialism organized around collaborative relationship vs English settler colonial empire

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11
Q

Context of 1648 Westphalia

A

16thC countries organize to counter Spanish domination of Europe, conflict conglomerates into Thirty Years War (1618-48)

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12
Q

Thirty Years War

A

1618-1648, war against Habsburg Spain, England not involved b/c dealing w/ internal disputes over its legitimacy

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13
Q

Peace of Westphalia 1648

A

general peace, provides series of solutions to problems w/ little notation of long term consequences of IR

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14
Q

Second Hundred Years War (1689-1815)

A

after 1659 France emerges as domiante power ruled by Louis XIV, late 17thC France expands imperial control in North America & asymmetric clash of empires between France & Britain

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15
Q

Transformations of Britain in 17th/18thC

A

1707 union between English & Scottish; 1630s conflict between authoritarian monarchy & aristocracy comes to head resulting in civil war (monarchy overthrown, republic comes to power, monarchy restored 1660)

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16
Q

Glorious Revolution of 1688

A

1685 Catholic James II comes to throne, Protestants alienated, Parliament overthrows monarchy, parliament installs new constitutional monarch (Orange) whose subject to authority of parliament

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17
Q

Geopolitical significance of Glorious Revolution

A

established English monarchs would rule only at pleasure of Parliament –> parliamentary sovereignty; England undergoes reforms to make it stronger & united in 1707; Britain now credible rival to France

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18
Q

Nine Years War (1688-1697)

A

first great conflict between England & France, first Anglo-French war involving colonial fighting; English colonists fail to seize Quebec & treaty restores to status quo

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19
Q

War of Spanish Succession (1702-1714)

A

geopolitical destiny of Spain; vacancy of Spanish throne leads Louis XIV to try to put Frenchman on throne

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20
Q

Stakes of War of Spanish Succession

A

will Spain continue to be independent actor in European politics or will it be reduced to vessel of France?

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21
Q

1714 Peace of Utrecht

A

allows monarch whose member of French royal family to sit on throne, prohibits Spain & France from joining in formal alliance

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22
Q

Significance of Peace of Utrecht

A

affirms for first time shared commitment of powers to maintain BoP, ensuring that European system won’t be dominated by one power

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23
Q

Slavery and Colonization in Atlantic

A

depopulation meant need for more labor, creation of slave societies

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24
Q

Mid-17thC Escalation of European colonial warfare

A

European states engaged in colonialism needed to balance costs of imperial enforcement vs value that was extracted; 1651 Navigation Acts defining British empire as closed economic arena

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25
Q

War of Jenkins’ Ear (1739-1748)

A

Jenkins ear cut off by Spanish man, public outcry leads Britain to go to war w/ Spain, merges into War of Austrian Succession

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26
Q

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

A

merging of Jenkins & Succession produced entangled European & colonial war; Royal Navy & New England militia fail to capture Quebec, but seize Louisbourg in 1745; peace settlement restores to status quo

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27
Q

Seven Years War (1755-1763)

A

starts as Anglo-French confrontation over Ohio Valley, 1755 Washington goes to deliver letter to French trying to build fort at Pittsburg, whoever controls Pittsburg controls river traffic; French ignore letter & London sends military expedition that fails

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28
Q

Britain’s Phyrric Victory 1763

A

in 1758 William Pitt wants to employ maximalist war strategy in Seven Years War, Pitt gets victories across globe in 1759 (including Quebec); Pitt’s strategy creates concern in London

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29
Q

British debate over peace 1763

A

should British return Canada or Guadeloupe to France?

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30
Q

Peace of Paris 1763

A

Ends Seven Years War: British take Canada from French & Florida from Spain, secretly French give Louisiana to Spanish

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31
Q

Consequences of 1763 Peace of Paris

A

British empire now dominates eastern North America & French out of imperial game in North America

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32
Q

Consequences of instability in trans-Appalachian for British Empire

A

newly gained French & Spanish territory controlled by Natives, Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763

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33
Q

Securing empire: Proclamation Line of 1763

A

George III draws line along Appalachian mountains dividing British North America in two: settlers in east & Natives in west; goal to stabilize empire & avoid rebellion w/ Indigenous

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34
Q

Lord Grenville’s Reform Agenda

A

stabilization of frontiers, rebalancing of fiscal burdens, economic invigoration of empire, establishment of parliament’s supreme authority

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35
Q

Stamp Act controversy

A

tax imposted on trade within North America, parliament institutes Declaratory Act establishing its right to tax North America

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36
Q

Franklin vs Dickinson taxation 1765

A

Franklin says external taxes ok & internal taxes not ok; Dickinson argues British imperial system can’t tax Americans

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37
Q

Townsend Duties 1767

A

imposed on commerce not within North America; taxing commerce not colonists

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38
Q

Hamilton’s 1775 pamphlet

A

states George III is only sovereign of the empire; parliament has no right to exercise authority over colonists

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39
Q

Metropolitan vs Colonial vision of empire

A

metroplitan believes revolution of 1688 established parliamentary supremacy; colonists challenge parliamentary supremacy

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40
Q

Escalation of rebellion after 1772

A

1774-1775 patriots stockpile arms, 1774 first Continental Congress, Summer 1776 choice to declare independence made, July 1776 CC approves DoI

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41
Q

Accomplishments of 1776 Declaration of Independence

A

Does: acknowledges laws of nature, itemizes complaints against British
Doesn’t: make appeal to Parliament or King, invoke rights of colonists as citizens of British Empire

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42
Q

Importance of Declaration of Independence

A

revolutionaries no longer staking political claims as citizens of empire, assertion that American colonies are open to commerce of world, asserts equal standing of US among world powers, trying to gain French support

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43
Q

Paradox of slavery

A

revolution enacted in name of natural rights being enacted by people dependent on system of labor coercion

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44
Q

Summerset Decision of 1772

A

grants Summerset his freedom, reassumed logic of core-periphery differentiation

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45
Q

Predicament of colonies 1775-1777

A

1776 British empire is world’s greatest military force, vulnerable to British Navy, can’t secure independence w/ arms alone, need European assistance

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46
Q

Early setbacks in Revolutionary War

A

1776 New York falls to British, 1777 Philadelphia falls, 1777 British isolate New England

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47
Q

Battle of Saratoga 1777

A

American forces defeat British which convinces French that American cause is viable & leads to Anglo-French alliance in 1778

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48
Q

France and Spain’s choice for intervention

A

France joins 1778, 1779 France convinces Spain to join making it a global war

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49
Q

Washington’s troubles

A

CC is structurally incapable of mobilizing meaningful war effort; Congress can’t raise taxes; Federal government lacks power to impose federal taxes

50
Q

Victories at Chespeake & Yorktown

A

1781 France delivers decisive blow at Yorktown; 1781 French fleet enters Chesapeake Bay forcing British to surrender

51
Q

Yorktown political crisis in Britain

A

Lord North wants to continue war, 1781-1782 Parliament revolts against North’s war policy, 1782 Parliament cuts off funding for war & North resigns

52
Q

Lord Shelburne’s choice for peace

A

believes independent US can be compelled to operate w/in British Empire, willing to give generous peace terms

53
Q

Treaty of Paris 1783

A

US receives all British territorial claims west of Appalachian (land British got from France in 1763 treaty)

54
Q

Paine balance of power vision

A

North America separate from Europe, European arena prone to war

55
Q

Failures of 1780s Confederation Congress

A

weak institutional arrangements: no power to tax or conduct meaningful foreign relations

56
Q

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A

created to figure out how lands received from Britain in 1783 can be governed; framework for western expansion & admittance into Union; western states should be organized as states

57
Q

Significance of Northwest Ordinance

A

new kind of horizontal imperial expansion whereby new states can join on equal footing

58
Q

Immediate struggle for western expansion

A

Shaw’s Rebellion 1796, Indigenous dominate Ohio Valley, escalated conflict amongst Anglo-American settlers going west & Natives –> 1780s organize in opposition to settlement

59
Q

Making of federal Constitution

A

Summer 1787 leaders convene, Madison architect of new government w/ Congress at the center, designed to create government strong enough to represent US on global scale, institutional order among states

60
Q

Constitution and foreign policy

A

Article I gives Congress power to regulate commerce, declare war, raise army, maintain navy; Article I prohibits states from putting duties on trade, maintaining naval forces, making agreements w/ foreign powers

61
Q

Hamilton vs Democratic Peace Theory

A

says war is universal human experience, republican democracy can’t prevent war, only strong institutions can prevent war, security hinges on new Constitution

62
Q

Foreign policy challenges under Washington

A

small population, lacks well-established institutions, western frontier suffering, British has forts in Northwest, Spanish have forts in Southwest

63
Q

Washington’s Grand Strategy

A

Southwest: agrees in 1790 to treaty respecting existing territorial borders of Creek nation
Northwest: 1791 sends military to protect settlers, Treaty of Greenville (US gets Ohio)

64
Q

French Revolution

A

1789 w/ overthrow of monarchy, Europe is divided on the Revolution & America divided over legitimacy of Revolution, 1790s Washington remains neutral

65
Q

Genet Affair

A

French believe they have claim to get access to American market to support war effort, Ambassador Genet tries to get US to support revolution; ends 1794 when French government overthrown

66
Q

Anglo-American relations during French Revolution

A

1793 British go to war w/ France, British stop American vessels from trading w/ France, 1794 talk of US war against Britain

67
Q

Jay Treaty 1794

A

Washington doesn’t want war so sends John Jay to London; US gets special access to British domestic markets, British abandon some of their western forts, & Americans respect British blockade against French

68
Q

Haiti & America

A

1789 enslaved rise against French, American slaveholders scared by success of revolution, precursor for Louisiana Purchase

68
Q

Washington’s Farewell Address 1796

A

have as little political connection as possible w/ foreign nations

69
Q

Two Points of Context for Washington’s Address

A

1) relative geopolitical weakness of US 2) intense domestic political division in US (in response to international developments)

70
Q

Washington’s Logic of Jay Treaty

A

Make nice w/ Britain b/c Britain bigger naval power, alienates France

71
Q

French meddling in 1796 election

A

French favor Jefferson over Adams, Adams moves to buildup US naval capabilities –> possible US-France naval conflict

72
Q

Alien Act 1789

A

implemented by Adams, deports foreigners suspected of being hostile to US

73
Q

Sedition Act 1789

A

Adams, executive branch to punish speech deemed disloyal/critical of government

74
Q

Significance of Adams’ acts to combat dissent

A

reveal power of alleged national security concern to legitimate encroachment on civil liberties

75
Q

Quasi War with France

A

Adams trying to back away from war w/ France to avoid destabilizing US; 1799 Adams moves to negotiate treaty, 1800 Convention between countries ends war

76
Q

Significance of Convention ending US-France Quasi War

A

Convention frees US from entanglement of European power politics that were necessary in 1775-76 to achieve independence ; US released from Anglo-French alliance

77
Q

Paradox of Thomas Jefferson

A

Was a radical republican, but as president he stretched parameters of permissible presidential authority

78
Q

Context of Louisiana Purchase

A

France under Napoleon Bonaparte who envisions new French North American empire, France reacquires Louisiana, Napoleon also wants Haiti back –> French fail to recapture Haiti & Napoleon no longer wants Louisiana –> uses Louisiana to set British & US against each other

79
Q

US desire for Louisiana

A

trade & geographic access to US interior, port of New Orleans essential for trade into interest West, fertile land between Appalachain & Rockys

80
Q

Louisiana Purchase 1802

A

Jefferson buys it for $11M, borrows money from British bank

81
Q

Barbary Wars: Tripolitan pirates

A

Jefferson doesn’t want to continue paying ransoms, 1804 sends military mission to release captives from pirates

82
Q

Significance of Barbary Wars

A

Jefferson’s actions increased power of presidency –> no declaration of war ever declared against pirates

83
Q

Britain & France economic war

A

first decade of 19thC economic war between Britain, France, & their allies escalates; context for War of 1812

84
Q

Three defining features of Jefferson’s presidency (1801-1809)

A

Louisiana Purchase, Barbary Wars, escalation of American commercial rivalry w/ European powers

85
Q

Berlin Decree 1807

A

issued by Napoleon, prohibits all commerce between French-occupied Europe & Britain

86
Q

Orders in Counsel 1807

A

authorize British navy to take action against neutral vessels engaging in trade w/ French ports

87
Q

Jefferson’s response to Anglo-French economic war

A

declares embargo on US trade w/ Europe, 1807 Congress passes Embargo Act prohibiting Americans from trading w/ Britain & France until countries respect neutral rights of American merchants

88
Q

Disaster of 1807 Embargo Act

A

American merchants mad & Jefferson responds by suppressing domestic critics

89
Q

Non-intercourse Act 1809

A

Opens American ports to trade except w/ Britain & France –> will reopen trade w/ country that respects neutral rights of American traders

90
Q

Madison response: trade w/ France

A

opens trade between US & France → escalating hostility between US & Britain which contributes to War of 1812

91
Q

Tecumseh’s War of 1811

A

organized rebel on northwestern frontier, Tecumseh operates as British ally –> Anglo-American hostilities in west contribute to War of 1812

92
Q

Origins of War of 1812

A

Anglo-American hostilities from Madison’s France trade decision & Tecumseh’s War

93
Q

Waging of War of 1812

A

US fails to conquer Canada, but prevents British invasion of Great Lakes, 1814 British burn DC

94
Q

Domestic political consequences of War of 1812

A

New England unhappy w/ Madison & discussions succession –> brink of disunion

95
Q

Convention of Ghent 1815

A

Madison seeks peace, restores status quo: US doesn’t get Canada, British agree to end Native alliances south of US-Canada border

96
Q

Significance of Convention of Ghent

A

Natives become subject to American power

97
Q

Context for getting Florida

A

1810s Spanish Empire unravels, 1807 war for control of Spain by Napoleon, 1811-1821 Spanish America becomes independent from Spain

98
Q

Madison’s effort to seize Florida

A

1810 seizes west Florida, 1812 seize east Florida from Seminoles (Madison argues inability of Spanish to suppress Seminoles justifies US sending military forces)

99
Q

Seminole Wars 1810s

A

1818 Jackson executes British subjects & seizes Pensicola

100
Q

Adams Onis Treaty (1819)

A

lead by John Quincy Adams, Spain gives Florida to US & accepts transcontinental line at 42nd parallel, US gives up Texas

101
Q

Significance of Adams Onis Treaty

A

1) first international treaty to establish a credible US claim on the Pacific coast 2) establishes geopolitical paramountcy of US in North America for first time 3) US greatest power in North America

102
Q

Context of Monroe Doctrine

A

Spain’s loss of New World territory prompts discussion in Europe to restore Spanish Empire; British uninterested b/c fragmentation of Spanish Empire is opportunity for British to establish informal influence in Spanish-speaking America

103
Q

George Canning’s proposal

A

US & Britain should collab to stop European powers from intervening & reestablishing Spanish Empire

104
Q

Monroe’s position on Canning’s response

A

wants to work w/ Britain

105
Q

John Quincy Adams’ position on Canning’s response

A

doesn’t want to work w/ Britain, believes no way European powers will actually gain control of New World together, domestic consequences of working w/ Britain

106
Q

John Quincy Adams’ July 4, 1822 speec

A

says US won’t go out into world & won’t tolerate external intervention in its hemisphere

107
Q

4 principles of Monroe Doctrine

A

1) Americas won’t be subject to European colonization
2) US will oppose all European intervention in New World
3) US will not intervene in Europe
4) US will tolerate no transfer of Spain’s remaining possessions in New World to any other European power

108
Q

Significance of Monroe Doctrine

A

affirms hemispheric separation

109
Q

Paine, Common Sense (1776)

A

US could ally w/ Spain or France to gain independence

110
Q

Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence (1776)

A

makes charges against George III, colonists have right to rebel

111
Q

Games “Making Colonies”

A

linked global development of empire: european rivalries & commerical interests lead to emergence of American enterprises, British use strategies learned from across world, colonies made empires transregionally, empires made & unmade colonies

112
Q

Hamalainen, “Indigenous shaping early America”

A

Indigenous population was powerful & shaped empire; created regional worlds where they had sovereignty

113
Q

Hinderaker and Horn “Imperial Wars”

A

warfare & imperial reform tightly linked processes as colonization of Americas stimulated development of European empires; warfare prompted imperial reforms & reforms prompted conflict;

114
Q

Hamilton, Federalist 6-8

A

states must unify to avoid war, harmony impossible under system of independent unconnected sovereignities

115
Q

Washington, Farewell Adress (1796)

A

America needs to put national interests first & stay out of international geopolitical conflicts, govt unity essential

116
Q

Polk, “First Annual Message”

A

preserve peace w/ all nations, be prepared to resist aggression

117
Q

Hulseboach, “Imperfect Unions”

A

North Americans formed independence-through-union projects on national, international, transnational levels to gain independence (Continental Congress, treatoes, DoI, Jay Treaty, Anglo-French alliance)

118
Q

Fitz, “US and the Americas”

A

maybe skip this one

119
Q

DeLay, “Indigenous Polities, 1820-1900”

A

US expansion occurred w/in system of polities that created international system; Indigenous polities were powerful & formed international system of North America

History 130 (6 decks)

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