History 10: Finals Review Flashcards
Pre-Unit 1:Middle Ages to the Enlightenment (The Age of Reason)
Secularism
A separation of the church and state. Religion no longer influences politics, the economy, or the social and cultural way of life. Religion is only a personal matter/choice.
Black Death (Plague)
This illness wiped out anywhere from 1/3 to 2/3’s of Europe’s population. It spread quickly and was not treatable due to the very little medical knowledge of the time.The church blamed the people, claiming the illness was Gods will.
Excommunication
Kicked out of the church.
Fiefs
A fief (parcel of land symbolized by a small bag of dirt) would represent the land given to the noble by the king.
Indulgences
Was the payment of money to the church to have your sin(s) forgiven. Essentially you could buy your way out of hell.
Barbarians
(In ancient times) A member of a community or tribe not belonging to one of the great civilizations (Greek, Roman, Christian).
Philosopher
A thinker that presents the idea that people could apply reason to all aspects of life.
Renaissance
-Was a “rebirth” from old greek and roman culture. It created a new curious and adventurous life people were eager to live and explore.
- What is another name for the Middle Ages?
Medieval Period
- What was the feudal system?
-Was a socio-economical and political system which organized society in the Middle Ages. In it, the strong protected the weak and men were loyal to one another.
Look at feudal system chart
- In what country does the Renaissance occur?
Italy
- What led to (or inspired) the Age of Exploration?
The new adventurous life people were eager to explore which was the Renaissance.
5.Who was Martin Luther? What did he do?
He was a monk and vowed to fix the corruption of the church during the reformation.
6.What did the reformation try to do/fix?
The reformation tried to get rid of the corruption within the church.
How did the church split during the reformation?
Luther’s questioning of the church’s authority, and with the newly invented printing press, created a division of the Christian Church.
8.What did Rousseau believe about the nature of people?
He believed that people are good and have natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
- What did Lock believe about the nature of people?
He believed people were neither good nor bad and that people have the natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
- How did the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment (or age of reason) change the way people thought about the world? (think: where did people get their answers before)
Since the church was no longer the only source of information, people searched for new answers to life’s most complicating questions. People became very optimistic about what science could teach.
- Know the timeline/order of events.
1.Fall of Rome
2.The Middle Ages
3.Renaissance- (Age of Exploration, The Reformation, Scientific Revolution)
4.The Enlightenment- (French Revolution)
- Explain how Enlightenment thinkers inspired the people of France to change/rebel against the king/Feudalism.
Their questioning of authority and the role of the government inspired the revolutionaries, and ordinary citizens, of France.
Unit 1: French Revolution
Coup d’état
A sudden attempt by a small group of people to take over the government, usually through violence.
Old Regime
A socio-political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18th century. It was ruled by Divine Right Absolutism meaning the monarchy had absolute control over the government.
National Assembly
The third estate and parts of the second and first estate made up the National Assembly. It was made to act as the body of the French people.
Great Fear
The Great Fear was when peasants attacked feudalism. Noble homes were robbed and burned. Records of feudal dues and owed taxes were destroyed which got rid of the power nobles had over peasants.
Reign of Terror
A mass execution of people who were thought to be enemies of the French Revolution. The leader of the terror was Robespierre.
Thermidorian Reaction
Robespierre gives a speech illustrating new plots and conspiracies. Many felt threatened by Robespierre, so the Convention arrested him. He was then tried and guillotined.
The Rights of Man
Freedom of religion
Freedom of speech
Freedom of the press
Guaranteed property rights
“Liberty, equality, fraternity”
Right of the people to create laws
Right to a fair trail
(Example of transformation in France)
San Culotte
We’re the Parisian working class but they were not a political party, they were a group. The group consisted of small shopkeepers, tradesmen and artisans. They were far-left thinkers (radicals) and strong supporters of the revolution.
Emigré
Nobles who fled the country due to fear during the Great Fear.
Guillotine
Was a way of execution where a blade was lifted then dropped on the neck, slicing the head off. Its nickname was the “National Razor”.
Marat
Jean Paul Marat was a great public speaker, essay writer, and journalist. He had a skin condition that had him living in his bathtub to survive but he still wrote many newspapers. In them he would write pro-revolutionary articles and eventually started publishing the names of those he thought were enemies of the revolution. The people who he wrote would get executed. He was the murdered in his bathtub by revenge of a girl whilst her family because of his newspapers.
Revolutionary Tribunal
Was the court system thaw as created for dealing with enemies of the revolution. 20,000-60,000 were executed and 300,000 were arrested.
1.What were the names of the three estates in France? Explain which social groups made up each of them.
First Estate/Clergy- They were the highest members of the church including the archbishop, and other bishops. They had the right to be tried by their own courts and didn’t have to pay any taxes. They had no burdens. 1% of Frances population.
Second Estate/Nobility- People who owned most of the nation’s land, and members of the royal family, but not including the kind. They could demand taxes from peasants. They had no burdens. 1% of Frances population.
Third Estate/everyone else- The remaining 98% of Frances population. Had to pay most of the taxes. Had no say in Frances government.
- Why did Louis VXI call a meeting of the Estates General?
He called it because France was so close to boarding on bankruptcy that they needed a plan to get more money, so he assembled all the estates together to vote for equal taxation.
- Who was Robespierre, and what revolutionary group was he in charge of?
He was one of the main Jacobin political party leaders. He was also in charge of the Committee of Public Safety.
- What was the result of the March of Women?
The royal family (Louie, Marionette, and their children) were taken to the Tuileries Palace as they were put under house arrest where they could be watched.
- What is the significance of the Tennis Court Oath?
The tennis court oath was one of the key moments that set off the revolution because the national assembly agreed to not disband or be disbanded until France has adopted a constitution. It is important because they no longer represent the king but the people of France.
- What are the four stages of the Revolution?
- National Assembly (1789-1791)
- Legislative Assembly (1791-1792)
- Convention (Committee of Public Safety)/ Reign of Terror (1792-1795)
4.Directory (1795-1799)
- Explain how Marie Antoinette was perceived by the people. What was her nickname?
Her nickname was Madame Deficit (debt). She wasn’t liked well because she was from a rivalling country of France and she lacked education to rule. She also lacked discipline and struggles with the French language. She is seen in France as frivolous (playful)
- What was the slogan/battle cry of the French Revolution?
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.
9.What was the Bastille? What was it a symbol of? How did it fall?
The Bastille was a prison that symbolized Divine Right Absolutism. It fell because of the National Assembly and supporters breaking in for gun powder.
- What are three significant lasting results of the French Revolution?
- The monarchy was overthrown and a constitution based Republic was set up.
- Frances unified financially and legally.
- Feudalism was abolished.
Continental System
Napoleon cut off France’s trade with Britain. The purpose was to destroy Britain’s commercial and industrial system.
Napoleon’s Hundred Days
Napoleon escapes from Elba and comes back to France to continue his ruling. He rules for 100 days until he is abdicated again. In the 100 days he goes to war against the Grand Alliance and looses (Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo).
Meritocracy
Advancing in power by ability, not by status.
Napoleonic Code
It’s purpose was to reform the French legal code. It put equality before law, equal taxation, and many more reforms. But it took away many rights from women.
Paoli
Was the Governor of Corsica and fought for Corsican independence. Napoleon looked up to him, but Paoli saw Napoleon as a “big inexperienced boy”. They didn’t agree as Napoleon wanted Corsica to join the French.
Exile
Being banished from your country and not being able to come back.