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historiography Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. revolution from above ; lee
A

The year 1918… saw in Germany a revolutionary situation if there was a revolution, it did not revolutionise.

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2
Q
  1. revolution from above; henig
A

The revolution did not result in the wholesale removal of the existing economic or social structures

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3
Q
  1. revolution from below; carr
A

Even so, it is only with the actions of the sailors at Wilhelmshaven from 30 October that the revolution can be said to have truly begun.

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4
Q
  1. revolution from below; burleigh
A

The Spartacists were extremists and did not represent most ordinary Germans’ views

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5
Q
  1. revolution from below; lee
A

springing not simply from military defeat or from the actions of revolutionaries but rather from a mixture of ingredients: “defeat in the war, a disintegrating army and a radicalised left”.

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6
Q
  1. ebert; kolb
A

Ebert faced serious problems including a potential threat from the Berlin soldiers’ councils, revolutionary governments being set up in the individual states, the ending of the war, the fear of major social and economic upheaval.

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7
Q
  1. ebert; peukert
A

Ebert and the SPD were afraid that the chaos that had happened in Russia would happen in Germany too.

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8
Q
  1. proclamation of the republic; carr
A

Ebert was furious that Scheidemann declared a republic. Ebert had hoped to save the monarchy by avoiding any mention of the word ‘republic’.

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9
Q
  1. ebert groener pact; bookbinder
A

one of the consequences of the deal was a largely unreformed army which many historians argue contributed to the ultimate failure of the republic.

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10
Q
  1. spartacist revolt; peukert
A

The Spartacists “had no clear strategy”. The suppression of the Spartacists by the government meant that the split within the working class movement now became permanent.

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11
Q
  1. weimar constitution; burleigh
A

On Article 48: “… at the time few thought of the misuse of this power.”

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12
Q
  1. weimar constitution; evans
A

The Constitution was far from revolutionary but it did represent a major break with the former imperial regime, which had always been more authoritarian than democratic.

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13
Q
  1. social impact of 1923 crisis; taylor
A

“It stripped the middle classes of their savings and made the industrial magnates absolute dictators of German economic life.”

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14
Q
  1. social impact of 1923 crisis; evans
A

the pauperised and those “cheated of their savings … became more prepared to listen to the firebrand orators of the extremist parties.”

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15
Q
  1. political impact of 1923 crisis; winkler
A

Ebert’s actions against the extreme Left in particular alienated many social democrats from identifying with the new state. This weakened parliamentary democracy considerably and so gave extra impetus to the already strong anti-parliamentarian bourgeoisie.

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16
Q
  1. political impact of 1923 crisis; henig
A

From 1919–23 the republic was assaulted by Nationalists on the right and by Communists on the left. “It managed to survive, but not to win the active support of the majority of the population.”

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17
Q
  1. economic impact of 1923 crisis; fulbrook
A

The psychological shock of the hyperinflation crisis ‘eroded democratic values’ and caused ‘a heightened fear of the possibility of economic instability.’

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18
Q
  1. political impact of 1923 crisis; mommsen
A

The desperate conditions that had been created by the hyperinflation crisis encouraged a process of extreme political polarisation.

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19
Q
  1. dawes plan; henig
A

the Dawes Plan “proved extremely beneficial” in terms of attracting short-term capital to Germany. It enabled German industry “to recover its pre-war levels of output and to undergo significant modernisation of it factories and manufacturing processes”.

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20
Q
  1. stressmann; lee
A

Stresemann was neither a covert nationalist nor a Good European but a pragmatist who adapted to changed times and circumstances and, where he could, created new opportunities.

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21
Q
  1. economic stabilisation; bookbinder
A

Real wages rose, and the standard of living for many increased dramatically.”

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22
Q
  1. economic stabilisation; henig
A

“growing disillusionment with the Republic” among workers and employers, among farmers and the middle classes, and among the young. While the economy was growing many Germans nevertheless felt they were not getting a fair share of the rewards.

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23
Q
  1. political stabilisation; peukert
A

The years 1924-29 seem stable “only by contrast with the periods of crisis that preceded and followed them.”

24
Q
  1. economic collapse; taylor
A

“It was the Great Depression which put the wind into Hitler’s sails.”

25
Q
  1. economic collapse; lee
A

The Nazis’ success depended on the vulnerability of the republic caused by the economic crisis from 1929.

26
Q
  1. nazi take over of power; evans
A

Nazis were “a catch-all party of social protest” projecting an image of dynamism and salvation of the national community; creating a ‘cult of leadership’ around Hitler.

27
Q
  1. nazi take over of power; hamilton
A

Nazis were better than other parties because they offered more attractive policies.

28
Q
  1. nazi take over of power; kirk
A

“Above all, the Nazi movement was a young movement

29
Q
  1. nazi take over of power; evans
A

They did ‘particularly well’ among women at a time when women voters were larger in numbers than men.

30
Q
  1. nazi take over of power; falter
A

described the Nazis as “A People’s Party with a middle class belly”.

31
Q
  1. reichstag fire; noakes
A

The fire came very conveniently for the Nazis who used it to claim the communists were plotting revolution and so justifying wholesale arrests.

32
Q
  1. reichstag fire; kirk
A

regime exploited the opportunity to the full suspending civil rights and giving the state police the power to arrest individuals and detain them without trial in ‘protective custody.

33
Q
  1. enabling act; evans
A

Together with the Reichstag Fire Drecee it provided the legal pretext for the creation of a dictatorship.

34
Q
  1. nolk; lee
A

Hitler stopped the second revolution ‘not through a preference for legality’. But to maintain and strengthen his own position. In any case, the method by which the leaders of the SA were dispatched can hardly be described as legal.

35
Q
  1. nolk; fritzche
A

‘by burnishing its law-and-order credentials and promoting Hitler’s statesmanlike image.’

36
Q
  1. gleichschaltung; stephenson
A

All groups that were not inherently objectionable were to have their membership purged of ‘non-Aryans’ and their leadership taken over by ‘politically reliable’ individuals, ideally by NSDAP members.

37
Q
  1. creation of gestapo and role of ss; gellately
A

The Gestapo depended as much on consent as it did on coercion

38
Q
  1. hitler; bullock
A

argues that the success of the Nazis was due to Hitler’s ability as an orator, propagandist and opportunist.

39
Q
  1. hitler; stackelberg
A

A major source of Hitler’s growing popularity “was the improvement of the German economy.”

40
Q
  1. propaganda; hitler
A

“The understanding of the masses is very limited, their intelligence is small…as a result
and must harp on these in slogans until the last member of the public understands.”

41
Q
  1. propaganda; barbu
A

argues the Nazi success was due to their ability to ‘manipulate the social and psychological condition of the German people’.

42
Q
  1. terror; johnston
A

“the Third Reich was not a living hell for all those who lived through it” and it had “strong support from millions of ordinary Germans for most of its existence, and most Germans did not have to be compelled to remain loyal to Hitler and his regime.”

43
Q
  1. terror: evans
A

the Third Reich took place in a pervasive atmosphere of fear and terror, which never slackened

44
Q
  1. race; lee
A

The Nazi Regime was totally committed to the pursuit of a racial policy.

45
Q
  1. race; pine
A

Once in power Hitler’s intense personal hatred of the Jews “became central to state policy”.

46
Q
  1. social policies; noakes
A

support from the youth was a major factor in the high level of consent achieved by the regime

47
Q
  1. social policies; weinburg
A

nazis only temporarily successful in integrating young Germans

48
Q
  1. social policies; mason
A

“The anti feminist policies of the regime after 1933 were at least partially successful, in that they secured the approval, perhaps gratitude of many German people, men and women alike” Tim Mason

49
Q
  1. social policies; frevert
A

the vast majority did not perceive the Third Reich as a women’s hell. Much of what it introduced was doubtless appealing, the rest one learned to accept.

50
Q
  1. social policies; mason
A

vgs failed to fully integrate workers or stop class division.

51
Q
  1. resistance to the regime; kershaw
A

Large proportions of the population did not even passively support the resistance but rather, widely condemned it.

52
Q
  1. resistance to the regime; kershaw
A

Political dissent and opposition was widespread, but “resistance” in its fundamental sense lacked a popular base of support.

53
Q
  1. resistance to the regime; peukert
A

active resistance was only a minority affair. Although thousands of people performed acts of courage and self-sacrifice, resistance remained disorganised and ineffectual.

54
Q
  1. resistance to the regime; kirk
A

Although only a tiny minority were involved in active resistance, it seems that opposition to the Nazis occurred on a number of levels ranging from industrial sabotage in factories…to small principled acts of defiance, such as refusing the Hitler salute…Popular opposition was often a temporary and limited response to specific policies.

55
Q
  1. resistance to the regime; benz
A

Not all Germans made their peace with the National Socialist state. Members of the SPD, the KPD and the churches all opposed the regime in one form or another. Mention must be made in particular of the Jehovah’s Witnesses who were the only community of faith that resisted the Nazis unconditionally.

adv history (8 decks)

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