Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Aphasia > Historical Review > Flashcards

Historical Review Flashcards

1
Q

Aphasia

A

an acquired disorder of language caused by brain damage

  • may impact comprehension of language; expression of language. or both
  • may involve any modality (spoken, written, gestural…)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Clinically Important (Considerations)

A

historically confusing disorder, involves multiple disciplines, and is often thought of demographically as “a disorder associated with aging”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Scientifically Important (Considerations)

A

relationship between the brain and language, correlation between affected areas of the brain with lost or impaired language versus unimpaired areas, and allow us to query whether specific areas of the brain control or modulate particular language function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Early Perspectives

A

-multiple early misunderstanding; some thought the ventricles controlled cognition; some thought aphasia resulted from a paralyzed tongue

-1770 (Gesner) coined the term speech amnesia
(Gesner anatomist/phrenologist who first suggested that language was localized in the brain along w/other intellectual functions)

-Phrenology: associates metal and intellectual functions topographically on the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Paul Broca

A

(1824-1880)
-French Neurosurgeon

  • First to offer clinical and pathology evidence relating frontal lobe and left brain to language production
  • Broca’s research was especially fixated on the lower portion of the frontal lobe; the area concerned with motor speech, hence the name Broca’s Area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aphemia

A
  • Reduced speech fluency; words do not flow
  • Agrammatic, telegraphic speech
  • Many language production errors
  • Limited impairment of comprehension of spoken language

(most of the time the receptive language is still intact)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

(1848-1905)

  • German Neuropsychiatris
  • first to describe a type of aphasia opposite to that of Broca’s work

-his work said that a different type of aphasia resulted from lesions in the posterior portion of the left superior temporal gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sensory Aphasis

A
  • Fluent but meaningless speech (cocktail party speech)
  • Grammatically correct speech
  • Severe problems in understanding spoken language
  • Difficulties in comprehending material read silently or orally

proposed that other aphasias existed; TCM, conduction aphasia, TCS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Handedness Theory

A
  • 1936 Nielson suggested that language was in the hemisphere opposite of the preferred hand
  • research has discounted this hypothesis
  • Language is left hemisphere dominant for the majority of the worlds population
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cerebrum

A

(also knows as the cerebral cortex, cortex, and or cortices)

-is the final integrative and executive structure of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cerebrum’s higher brain functions

A
  • Everyday thinking
  • Logical reasoning
  • Abstract reasoning
  • Mathematical reasoning
  • Memory
  • Speaking
  • Language production
  • Artistry
  • Scientific achievement
  • Language comprehension
  • Judgment
  • Emotional experience
  • Attention
  • Problem solving
  • Executive functioning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Brian Facts

A
  • the brain contains billions of neurons with trillions of synapses
  • 3-3.5lbs
  • comprised of six layers with its outcome layer consisting of gray matter
  • 2 hemispheres connected by a think band of long fibers (axons)
  • regions within the hemispheres are connected by shorter associations fibers
  • surface is comprised of gyri and sulci
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gyri

A

hills, folds, and convolutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sulci

A

grooves, valleys and fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure (LCF)

A

separates the left/right hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Central Sulcus (Fissure of Rolando)

A

runs laterally, downward, and forward dividing the anterior half of the brain from the posterior half

  • divides expressive aphasia from receptive aphasia
  • anterior is an expressive aphasia; non-fluent aphasia
  • posterior is a receptive aphasia; fluent aphasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sylvian Fissure (Lateral Cerebral Fissure)

A

moves laterally and upward

-runs along the top of the temporal lobe

18
Q

Perisylvian Area

A

region surrounding this area are especially involved in speech, language, and hearing

-around the sylvian fissure

19
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • important for speech/language
  • largest lobe (1/3 cortical surface)
  • Precentral Gyrus: major portion of the primary motor cortex via the PS
    • movements are modified by the EPS
    • controls the voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body
      - anterior to the motor strip is the premotor area and the supplementary areas
  • Prefrontal Cortex: intellectual tasks (thinking, reasoning, decision-making…)
  • also includes the superior, middle and inferior gyri
  • Inferior frontal gyrus: for most ppl the left IFG has special significance for speech
  • contains Broca’s Area
20
Q

Frontal Lobe Impairments

A
  • loss of simple movement
  • loss of ability to problem solve
  • mood change
  • inability to speak
  • poor spontaneity
  • perseveration
  • personality changes
  • difficulty sequencing
  • loss of flexible thinking
  • inability to focus on a task
  • changes in social behavior
  • motor control issues
21
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

lowest 1/3 of the brain; lies just under the temporal bone
-no natural demarcation between the temporal and occipital lobes

3 important gyri: superior, middle, and temporal gyri

*contains Wernicke’s Area and the Primary Auditory Cortex

22
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A
  • concerned with hearing; Heschl’s Gyrus (helps w/processing auditory info and helps focus on what is important and ignore other
  • is present in both hemispheres and is usually larger in the left
  • suggestive of left dominance for receptive language skills
  • area adjacent is called the secondary auditory cortex
  • the right temporal lobe is less active but may be responsible for: nonverbal memory, appreciation of musical experience and rhythm
23
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • located in the posterior 2/3s of the superior temporal gyrus in the left dominant hemisphere
  • vital for comprehension of written and spoken language
  • connected to the frontal (motor speech area) via the arcuate fasciculus
24
Q

Hippocampus (temporal lob)

A
  • medial part of the temporal lobe that forms the medial wall of the lateral ventricle
  • mediates memory and learning
25
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

site of:

  • auditory reception
  • interpretation
  • AV association
  • comprehension of spoken and written material
  • processing of semantic/syntactic sounds
  • music
26
Q

Temporal Lobe Impairments

A
  • Prosopagnosia (inability to recognize familiar faces)
  • no comprehend spoken word
  • poor selective attention
  • STM loss
  • interference with LTM
  • increases or decrease in sexual behaviors
  • inability to categorize
  • Logorrhea (someone who s talking talking…)
  • increased aggressive behaviors
27
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • smallest lobe

- major structures include the Primary Visual Cortex and the Secondary Visual Cortex

28
Q

Occipital Lobe Impairments

A
  • visual field cuts
  • no locating objects
  • no recognizing drawn objects
  • poor recognition of movement
  • poor color recognition
  • visual illusions
  • decreased seeing objects
  • word blindness
  • inability to recognize words
  • difficulty w/reading
  • difficulty w/writing
29
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

-posterior to the frontal lobe

-Post Central Gyus (sensory cortex or sensory strip): is the primary sensory area controlling and integrating somesthetic sensory impulses
-concerned with:
perception
sensation of touch
pressure
position sense
body awareness
-controls understanding of spatial relations and selective attention (damage to the right side may cause left neglect)

  • supramarginal gyrus and the angular gyrus located in the parietal lobe have significant language importance
  • damage to the supramarginal gyrus may result in agraphia (writing problems) and/or conduction aphasia
  • damage to the angular gyrus may result in deficits of reading, writing, and/or naming; may also cause TSA (transcortical sensory aphasia)
30
Q

Parietal Lobe Impairments

A
  • no ability to attend to 1+
  • Alexia (the inability to read)
  • Agraphia
  • inability to recognize words
  • difficulty w/goal directed movement
  • Dyscalcuia
  • difficulty drawing objects
  • difficulty knowing L/R
  • decreased awareness of body parts
  • poor manipulation of obj.
  • unilateral neglect
  • unable to focus visual attention
  • no hand eye coordination
  • impaired perception of touch
31
Q

Major communication areas

A
  • Premotor Cortex
  • Primary Motor Cortex
  • Primary Somatosensory Cortex
  • Wernicke’s Area
  • Broca’s Area
  • Primary Auditory Cortex
  • Primary Visual Cortex

(know what they all do and where/which lobe they are located in)

32
Q

Cerebral Ventricles

A
  • system of cavities deep within the brain that are filled with CSF
  • 4 ventricals (2 lateral and a 3rd and 4th)
  • contain the choroid plexus that produces CSF of which totals 130ml (30ml in ventricles; 75ml in spinal system and 25ml in cranium)
  • turn over is around 500ml a day; from choroid plexus to 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space and the arachnoid villi
  • when CSF is blocked or its absorption is impaired, the result is called hydrocephalus
33
Q

Brain Protection Layers

A
  • protective layers of skin, bone of the skull, and layers of tissue called meninges
  • CSF cushions brain and spinal cord
  • the brain maintains its shape secondary to these supports as gravity would soon distort the structure
34
Q

Brain Protection Layers

SCALP

A

-first line defense in the protection of the bony skull and the brain

S-skin 
C-connective tissue 
A-aponeurosis 
L-loose areolartissue 
P-periosteum pericranium
35
Q

Meninges

A

-protective layers that cover the brain and the spinal cord

Outermost Membrane: Dura Matter
Middle Membrane: Arachnoid (contains blood vessels)
-Subarachnoid Space (CSF)
Innermost Membrane: Pia Mater (covers that brain)

36
Q

Cerebrovascular System

A
  • many neurological problems arise from disrupted blood supply to the brain
  • major etiologies of neurogenic language disorders especially aphasia are vascular pathologies and/or hemorrhage
  • brain: 2% of body’s weight; receives 17-20% of body’s blood and 25% of body’s oxygen
  • brain depends on the blood for nourishment and ability to function
  • LOC results after 10s of blood interruption; permanent brain damage after 4-6m
37
Q

External Carotid

A

muscles of the face and neck; oral/nasal cavities; sides of the head; skull and dura mater

38
Q

Internal Carotid

A

major blood supplier to the brain

-has two main branches: anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries

39
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery

A

supplies the middle portion of the frontal and parietal lobes, basal ganglia and corpus callosum

Damage:

  • causes disruption of blood to the midsagittal portions of the motor cortex
  • motor symptoms include paralysis of the legs and feet
  • associated cognitive deficits include impaired reasoning, judgment and concentration
40
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery

A

largest branch of the internal carotid; supplies blood to the entire lateral surface of the cortex including major portions of the frontal lobe

Supplies the:

  • somatosensory cortex
  • motor cortex in precentral gyrus
  • Broca’s Area
  • the primary auditory cortex
  • Wernicke’s area
  • angular gyrus
  • supramarginal gyrus
  • putamen
  • caudate nucleus
  • globus pallidus
  • portions of the thalamus

Damage:

  • frequent result of stroke and aphasia; will cause contralateral hemiplegia
  • impaired sense of touch, position sense, pain, temperature and reading and writing deficits
41
Q

Vertebral Artery

A

the left/right vertebral arteries are branches of the two subclavian arteries that emerge from the aortic arch

they join together to form the basilar artery
-the basilar artery divides to form the two posterior cerebral arteries

Supplies:

  • lower/lateral temporal lobes
  • middle/lateral portions of the occipital lobes
  • other branches of the basilar artery supply the pons, cerebellum and inner ear
42
Q

Watershed Areas of the Brain

A

The anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries supply the majority of the blood to
the brain

-each one ends their individual distribution and supply in small branches of
arteries called the watershed
• Somewhat inefficient supply of blood
• If blood supply to the watershed areas is interrupted, specific kinds of aphasia can
result in addition to other vascular diseases
(TCM and TCS)

Aphasia (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions