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Immunohematology (Blood Banking) (Lecture) > Historical Overview (Harmening 6th ed | Chapter 1 | P) > Flashcards

Historical Overview (Harmening 6th ed | Chapter 1 | P) Flashcards

1
Q

What happened during 1492?

A

Blood was taken from 3 young men and given to the stricken Pope Innocent VII in the hope of curing him, unfortunately, all 4 died

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2
Q

The occurrence that happened during 1492 is considered as what?

A

It is considered as the 1st time a blood transfusion was recorded in history

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3
Q

After the 1st time a blood transfusion was recorded, what was the principal obstacle to overcome?

A

Clotting

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4
Q

What happened during 1869?

A

Attempts to find a nontoxic anticoagulant began

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5
Q

How did the attempts to find a nontoxic anticoagulant began?

A

When Braxton Hicks recommended Na phosphate

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6
Q

What is the discovery of Karl Landsteiner?

A

He discovered the ABO blood grps and explained the serious rxns that occur in humans as a result of incompatible transfusions

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7
Q

When did Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood grps?

A

1901

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8
Q

What is the achievement of Landsteiner’s work / discovery?

A

His work early in the 20th century won a Nobel Prize

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9
Q

What is the contribution of Edward E. Lindemann?

A

He was the 1st to succeed when it comes to devices w/c are designed for performing the transfusions

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10
Q

What and how is the principle of performing transfusions via the use of devices by Lindemann done?

A

He carried out vein-to-vein transfusion of blood by using multiple syringes and a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin

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11
Q

What are the cons of the method of transfusion by Lindemann?

A

1) The process is time-consuming
2) It is a complicated procedure
3) The process required many skilled assistants

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12
Q

What is the contribution by Unger?

A

He designed his syringe-valve apparatus that transfusions from donor to pt by an unassisted physician became practical

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13
Q

What happened during 1914?

A

An unprecedented accomplishment of blood transfusion was achieved

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14
Q

In connection to the unprecedented accomplishment in blood transfusion in 1914, what is the contribution of Hustin?

A

He reported the use of Na citrate as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions

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15
Q

What happened during 1915?

A

Lewisohn determined the min amt of citrate needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amts

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16
Q

In connection to what happened in 1915, what happened to the view to transfusions?

A

Transfusions became more practical and safer for the pt

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17
Q

After the discoveries regarding the use of Na citrate of anticoagulant, what followed next?

A

The development of preservative solutions to enhance the metabolism of the RBC

18
Q

What happened during 1916?

A

Glucose was tried as a preservative solution to enhance the metabolism of the RBC followed

19
Q

In connection to the trial of glucose as an preservative solution to enhance the metabolism of RBC, what is the contribution of Rous and Turner?

A

They introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood

20
Q

What is the course of time regarding the understanding the function of glucose in RBC metabolism and what is the result of this?

A

It is not understood until the 1930s w/c results for the common practice of using glucose in the preservative solution was delayed

21
Q

What did WW II stimulated and why?

A

It stimulated blood preservation research because the demand for blood and plasma increased

22
Q

What is the pioneer work of Dr. Charles Drew during the WW II?

A

Developing techniques in blood transfusion and blood preservation lead to the establishment of a widespread system of blood banks

23
Q

What happened during Feb 1941?

A

Dr. Drew was appointed director of the 1st American Red Cross bank

24
Q

Where is Dr. Drew appointed director of the 1st American Red Cross blood bank?

A

Presbyterian hospital

25
Q

What program became the model for the national volunteer blood donor program of the American Red Cross?

A

The pilot program that Dr. Drew established

26
Q

What happened during 1943?

A

Loutit and Mollison of England introduced the formula for perspective acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD)

27
Q

What is the action done by the July 1947 issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation?

A

It devoted nearly a dozen papers to blood preservation

28
Q

What happened during 1947?

A

Blood banks were established in many major cities of the US and after this, transfusion became commonplace

29
Q

Due to the daily occurrence of transfusions, what happened?

A

It led to the discovery of numerous blood grp systems

30
Q

True or False

An interested student can review historic events during WW II in Kendrick’s Blood Program in WW II

A

True

31
Q

What happened during 1957?

A

Gibson introduced an improvised preservative solution

32
Q

What is the improvised preservative solution that Gibson introduced?

A

Citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)

33
Q

What is the characteristic of CPD in comparison w/ ACD?

A

It is less acidic

34
Q

What eventually replaced ACD as the std preservative used for blood storage?

A

CPD

35
Q

What is the new problem that is the result of frequent transfusions and the massive use of blood?

A

Circulatory overload

36
Q

What is the resolution for circulatory overload?

A

Component therapy

37
Q

W/ the utilization of component therapy, what can be done?

A

Before, a single unit of whole blood could serve only 1 pt. But now, w/ the utilization of component therapy, 1 unit may be used for multiple transfusions

38
Q

What can the physicians do today brought by the utilization of component therapy (/ what are the pros that the utilization of component therapy brought to physicians)?

A

1) They can select the sp component for their pts particular needs w/out risking the inherent hazards of whole blood transfusions
2) They can transfuse only the required fraction in the concentrated form, w/out overloading the circulation

39
Q

What are the (+) benefits brought by appropriate blood component therapy?

A

1) More effective treatment

2) More complete use of blood products

40
Q

Extensive use of blood during the period (where component therapy is being utilized) + component separation = what?

A

These led to increased comprehension of RBC metabolism and a new awareness of the problems associated w/ RBC storage

Immunohematology (Blood Banking) (Lecture) (10 decks)

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