Historical Overview (Harmening 6th ed | Chapter 1 | P) Flashcards
What happened during 1492?
Blood was taken from 3 young men and given to the stricken Pope Innocent VII in the hope of curing him, unfortunately, all 4 died
The occurrence that happened during 1492 is considered as what?
It is considered as the 1st time a blood transfusion was recorded in history
After the 1st time a blood transfusion was recorded, what was the principal obstacle to overcome?
Clotting
What happened during 1869?
Attempts to find a nontoxic anticoagulant began
How did the attempts to find a nontoxic anticoagulant began?
When Braxton Hicks recommended Na phosphate
What is the discovery of Karl Landsteiner?
He discovered the ABO blood grps and explained the serious rxns that occur in humans as a result of incompatible transfusions
When did Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood grps?
1901
What is the achievement of Landsteiner’s work / discovery?
His work early in the 20th century won a Nobel Prize
What is the contribution of Edward E. Lindemann?
He was the 1st to succeed when it comes to devices w/c are designed for performing the transfusions
What and how is the principle of performing transfusions via the use of devices by Lindemann done?
He carried out vein-to-vein transfusion of blood by using multiple syringes and a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin
What are the cons of the method of transfusion by Lindemann?
1) The process is time-consuming
2) It is a complicated procedure
3) The process required many skilled assistants
What is the contribution by Unger?
He designed his syringe-valve apparatus that transfusions from donor to pt by an unassisted physician became practical
What happened during 1914?
An unprecedented accomplishment of blood transfusion was achieved
In connection to the unprecedented accomplishment in blood transfusion in 1914, what is the contribution of Hustin?
He reported the use of Na citrate as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions
What happened during 1915?
Lewisohn determined the min amt of citrate needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amts
In connection to what happened in 1915, what happened to the view to transfusions?
Transfusions became more practical and safer for the pt
After the discoveries regarding the use of Na citrate of anticoagulant, what followed next?
The development of preservative solutions to enhance the metabolism of the RBC
What happened during 1916?
Glucose was tried as a preservative solution to enhance the metabolism of the RBC followed
In connection to the trial of glucose as an preservative solution to enhance the metabolism of RBC, what is the contribution of Rous and Turner?
They introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood
What is the course of time regarding the understanding the function of glucose in RBC metabolism and what is the result of this?
It is not understood until the 1930s w/c results for the common practice of using glucose in the preservative solution was delayed
What did WW II stimulated and why?
It stimulated blood preservation research because the demand for blood and plasma increased
What is the pioneer work of Dr. Charles Drew during the WW II?
Developing techniques in blood transfusion and blood preservation lead to the establishment of a widespread system of blood banks
What happened during Feb 1941?
Dr. Drew was appointed director of the 1st American Red Cross bank
Where is Dr. Drew appointed director of the 1st American Red Cross blood bank?
Presbyterian hospital
What program became the model for the national volunteer blood donor program of the American Red Cross?
The pilot program that Dr. Drew established
What happened during 1943?
Loutit and Mollison of England introduced the formula for perspective acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD)
What is the action done by the July 1947 issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation?
It devoted nearly a dozen papers to blood preservation
What happened during 1947?
Blood banks were established in many major cities of the US and after this, transfusion became commonplace
Due to the daily occurrence of transfusions, what happened?
It led to the discovery of numerous blood grp systems
True or False
An interested student can review historic events during WW II in Kendrick’s Blood Program in WW II
True
What happened during 1957?
Gibson introduced an improvised preservative solution
What is the improvised preservative solution that Gibson introduced?
Citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)
What is the characteristic of CPD in comparison w/ ACD?
It is less acidic
What eventually replaced ACD as the std preservative used for blood storage?
CPD
What is the new problem that is the result of frequent transfusions and the massive use of blood?
Circulatory overload
What is the resolution for circulatory overload?
Component therapy
W/ the utilization of component therapy, what can be done?
Before, a single unit of whole blood could serve only 1 pt. But now, w/ the utilization of component therapy, 1 unit may be used for multiple transfusions
What can the physicians do today brought by the utilization of component therapy (/ what are the pros that the utilization of component therapy brought to physicians)?
1) They can select the sp component for their pts particular needs w/out risking the inherent hazards of whole blood transfusions
2) They can transfuse only the required fraction in the concentrated form, w/out overloading the circulation
What are the (+) benefits brought by appropriate blood component therapy?
1) More effective treatment
2) More complete use of blood products
Extensive use of blood during the period (where component therapy is being utilized) + component separation = what?
These led to increased comprehension of RBC metabolism and a new awareness of the problems associated w/ RBC storage
