Highlights of Transfusion Medicine History (P) Flashcards
What is the nationality of William Harvey?
He is a British physician
What did William Harvey discovered?
He is credited w/ the discovery of the circulation of blood
The discovery of William Harvey is published in what book and when is it published?
It is published in the book Motu Cordis published in the year 1628
What happened in 1665?
Richard Lower is credited w/ performing the 1st successful blood transfusion
The 1st successful blood transfusion done by Richard Lower was from what specie to what specie?
Animal to animal transfusion
What animal is used by Richard Lower for his 1st successful blood transfusion?
Dog
How did the 1st successful animal to animal blood transfusion happened?
Richard Lower kept exsanguinated dogs alive by connecting the carotid artery of the donor dog to the jugular vein of the recipient dog w/ a quill
What did Jean-Baptiste Denis and Richard Lower performed in 1667?
They performed the transfusion of lamb blood into the carotid artery of a young woman
At what place is Jean-Baptiste Denis present?
France
At what place is Richard Lower present?
England
The transfusion performed by Denis and Lower in 1667 was also done again by Denis, who are the recipients of the transfusion and what is the result of the transfusion?
He did similar transfusions on a 15 yr old boy and later a labourer w/c both of them survived
What happened to the 4th transfusion recipient of Denis?
His 4th transfusion recipient is suffering from luetic madness, following a symptom-free 1st transfusion, his pt developed a hemolytic rxn upon his 2nd transfusion. His madness seemed improved, so another transfusion was undertaken w/c unfortunately proved fatal
What is the result of the 4th transfusion done by Denis?
Due to this incident, the French Parliament prohibited further transfusions
When did the French Parliament prohibited further transfusions?
1678
Aside from the French Parliament, what also provided prohibitions against blood transfusions due to the 4th transfusion done by Denis?
The British Royal Society and the Vatican
When did the British Royal Society laid prohibitions against blood transfusions due to the 4th transfusion done by Denis?
1668
When did the Vatican laid prohibitions against blood transfusions due to the 4th transfusion done by Denis?
1669
What is the long term result of the 4th transfusion done by Denis?
The prohibitions and the fear of adverse rxns led to a 150 yr long near complete hiatus in transfusion work
What is the mode of occurrence of transfusions during the 18th century?
Transfusions were done sporadically and were generally animal to human
What are the purposes of transfusion during the 18th century?
Transfusion was generally thought of as:
1) Cure for mental aberration
2) Youth potion for the aged
Not as a treatment for blood loss
Who is James Blundell and when did he executed his contributions?
1) He is a British obstetrician who attempted human-to-human transfusion of a man suffering from gastric carcinoma in 1818
2) He also successfully transfused a pt who had hemorrhaged during childbirth
What did Blundell used for transfusion?
Gravitator
What happened on 1840?
At St. George’s School in London, Samuel Armstrong Lane, aided by consultant Dr. Blundell, performs the 1st successful whole blood transfusion to treat hemophilia
Who is / are 1st performed the successful whole blood transfusion to treat hemophilia?
Samuel Armstrong Lane, aided by consultant Dr. Blundell
Where is the 1st successful whole blood transfusion to treat hemophilia done?
At St. George’s School in London
When did the 1st successful whole blood transfusion to treat hemophilia happened?
1840
What happened in 1867?
English surgeon Joseph Lister uses antiseptics to control infection during transfusions
Who used antiseptics to control infection during transfusions?
Joseph Lister
What did Joseph Lister used to control infections during transfusions?
Antiseptics
When did Joseph Lister used antiseptics to control infection during transfusions?
1867
What happened during 1873 - 1880?
US physicians transfuse milk (from cows, goats, and humans)
What are the sources of milk that are being transfused by US physicians?
1) Cows
2) Goats
3) Humans
When did US physicians transfuse milk?
1873 - 1880
What happened in 1884?
Saline infusion replaces milk as a “blood substitute” due to the increased frequency of adverse rxns to milk
What replaces milk as a blood substitute?
Saline infusion
Why does saline infusion replaced milk as blood substitute?
Due to the increased frequency of adverse rxns to milk
Transfusions in the 1800s were plagued by what (19th century)?
Plagued by the complications of transfusion rxns
In the 19th century, what did Panum and Landois showed?
They showed that same spp transfusions were more efficacious > interspp transfusions
What happened in 1890?
Animal to human transfusions were performed
2 instances of successful transfusion happened during the 19th century were both administered during what and are documented from what?
Both administered during leg amputation and are documented from the civil war
What is the award of Karl Landsteiner?
1930 nobel prize laureate
What happened during 1900 - 01?
Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian physician showed that serum from some individuals could agglutinate or hemolyze the RBCs of certain, but not all, individuals. The serum of the latter would likewise agglutinate the RBCs of the former
What is the nationality and profession of Landsteiner?
Austrian physician
What are the names that Landsteiner coined for the diff types that he discovered?
Types A, B, and C
Today, these are called types A, B, and O
What did Adriano Sturli and Alfred DeCastello described?
They described the 4th bloog grp, w/c is AB
Who is / are the person/s that described the 4th blood grp?
Adriano Sturli and Alfred DeCastello
When did Adriano Sturli and Alfred DeCastello described the 4th blood grp?
In 1902
What did Landsteiner and Wiener described in 1840?
They described Rh typing
Landsteiner and Wiener describing the Rh typing lead to what?
It lead to dramatic decrease in the incidence of HDN
True or False
Over 260 diff Ags categorized into 25 major discrete systems are now known
False, because over 250 diff Ags categorized into 23 major discrete systems are now known
What did Reuben Ottenberg and Schults done?
They were the 1st to apply the information (regarding diff Ags categorized into discrete systems) in an actual transfusion
What is the nationality and profession of Reuben Ottenberg?
American surgeon
When did Reuben Ottenberg and Schultz 1st applied the information in an actual transfusion?
1907
What did Reuben Ottenberg suggested?
He suggested that pt and donor blood should be grouped and cross matched
How is Lewisohn’s method of transfusion done?
Blood is collected in a citrated flask and immediately transfused
When is Lewisohn’s method of transfusion done?
1907
What happened in 1914?
Albert Hustin reported the 1st human transfusion using citrated blood, he added Na citrate and glucose to preserve blood
Who reported the 1st human transfusion using citrated blood, he added Na citrate and glucose to preserve blood in 1914?
Albert Hustin
What permitted the storage of blood in containers for several days?
The introduction of a citrate dextrose solution
What is the result of the introduction of a citrate dextrose solution?
It paved way for the opening of the 1st “Blood Depot” in Britain during WW I
Where is the 1st blood depot opened?
In Britain
When did the 1st blood depot in Britain opened?
During WW I
Who is Oswald Hope Robertson?
He is a medical researcher and US army officer
What did Oswald Hope Robertson established?
He established the Depot w/c is now recognized as the creator of the 1st blood bank
What is the result of WW I exps?
These exps led to the universal adoption of blood typing to select blood donors
What did Rous and Turner developed and what are its fxns?
They developed a solution of salt, isocitrate, and dextrose in order to both agglutinate and preserve blood
What method (in connection to preserving blood) was used through most of WW II?
The method that is developed by Rous and Turner w/ minor variations
What did Loutit and Mollison introduced?
They introduced ACD as a preservative
When did Loutit and Mollison introduced ACD as a preservative?
1943
What is the meaning of ACD?
Acid-citrate-dextrose
The Army adopted the use of ACD as preservative, what is the solution:blood ratio that they applied using the principle?
1:4 solution:blood ratio
When did the army adopted the use of ACD as a preservative?
1945
What is the nationality of Dr. Charles Drew?
He is an African-American doctor and scientist
What are the contributions of Dr. Charles Drew?
1) His work on blood storage and blood banks helped to save thousands of lives during WW II
2) He developed ways to process and store blood plasma
What are the contributions of Edwin Cohn?
1) In 1940, he developed cold ethanol fractionation, the process of breaking down plasma into components and products
2) In 1951, he developed the 1st cell separator w/c allowed blood to be separated into RCs, WCs, PLTs, and plasma
What happened during 1936?
During the Spanish civil war, Dr. Norman Bethune established the 1st blood bank at Madrid
What is the contribution of Bernard Fantus?
He established the 1st hospital blood bank in the US
Where did Bernard Fantus established the 1st hospital blood bank in US?
At Chicago’s Cook County hospital
When did Bernard Fantus established the 1st hospital blood bank in the US?
On March 15, 1937
What happened during 1957?
ACD preservative was supplanted by citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)
What happened during 1965?
CPD w/ adenine
What happened during 1980s?
CPD-A1
Effective preservation and refrigeration lead to what?
These led to the ability to bank blood for longer periods
Provide an ex of cryoprotective agents
Glycerol
When is glycerol used?
1960s
What is the purpose of glycerol?
It enables freezing of blood for long-term storage
When was blood collected into reusable glass bottles?
In the 1st half of the 20th century
Since reusable glass bottles were used for blood collection, what are the (-) result of this action?
1) Pyrogenic rxns from contamination due to INC cleaning were frequent
2) Air embolism was a common complication due to the vacuum systems used on glass bottles
What was conducted by the American Red Cross in 1949?
Trials of plastic bags
When did the American Red Cross conducted the trials of plastic bags?
1949
What happened during 1952?
Dr. Carl Waldemar Walter is credited w/ the invention of the 1st plastic blood collection bag
Where is the institution of Dr. Carl Waldemar Walter?
Harvard Medical School
What are the characteristics of plastic bags (for blood transfusion)?
1) Disposable
2) Flexible
Due to the flexibility of plastic bags, what can be done?
It facilitates the separation of blood components and the advent of component therapy
What are the events that happened during 1964?
1) Plasmapheresis was introduced for the means of collecting plasma for fractionation
2) Judith Pool developed cryoprecipitate for the treatment of hemophilia
Who developed cryoprecipitate for the treatment of hemophilia?
Judith Pool
The cryoprecipitate developed by Judith Pool was for what purpose?
For the treatment of hemophilia
What happened during 1969?
S. Murphy and F. Gardener demonstrated the feasibility of storing PLTs at room temp, revolutionizing PLT transfusion therapy
What happened during 1981?
The use of polyvinyl bags for collection, storage, and transfusion was legalised
