Historic environment Flashcards
What were the key features of early 20th century aseptic surgery?
wash hands, arms and faces, sterilised air, autoclave, rubber gloves and gowns
Who developed the X-ray?
Wilhelm Roentgen
How was the X-ray developed?
passed electrical current through a glass tube covered in black paper and realised the image could penetrate flesh and bones?
What problems were associated with early X-rays?
1500x the amount of radiation released than modern x-rays, burns, hair loss, machine was fragile and could break easily, took 90 minutes, difficult to move around
What were the features of the trench?
Barbed wire, parapet, ammunition shelf, fire step, duckboards, dugout, sandbag
What was the communication trench?
Long trench that ran through the other trenches to connect them
What was the front line trench?
The trench closest to enemy lines that attacks would be made from
What was the support trench?
The trench behind the frontline trench where soldiers would retreat during an attack
What was the reserve trench?
The trench behind the support trench where soldiers would prepare for an incoming attack
When was the first battle of Ypres and what happened?
12th Oct - 11th Nov 1914, Germans attempted to seize control of the English channel and captured a man made hill in South East Ypres and was eventually recaptured by the British, British win, 50,000 British soldiers died
When was the second battle of Ypres and what happened?
22nd Apr - 25th May 1915,Chlorine gas sued by Germans for the first time, Germans advanced 2 miles closer to Ypres, 59000 British soldiers died, German win
When was the third battle of Ypres and what happened?
31st July 1917, The British army advanced 7 miles but the ground became waterlogged and many drowned, 24000 British casualties, British win
When was the battle of the Somme and what happened?
1st July 1916, creeping barrage and tanks were unsuccessfully implemented, 400,000 British casualties, losses on both sides
When was the battle of Arras and what happened?
April 1917, 2.5 miles of tunnels were built, 24000 men attacked after hiding in German trenches, British advanced eight miles, 160000 British and Canadian casualties
When was the battle of Cambrai and what happened?
20th October 1917, artillery barrage, tanks and machine guns implemented successfully, British win
What were the problems in transportation on the Western front?
Terran was difficult, bacteria in the soil could lead to infection, many stretcher bearers were required and they would be exposed to shelling
Why were horse drawn carriages ineffective?
could not cope with large numbers of casualties and men were shaken about, worsening their injuries
What were the three types of gas used in ww1, their properties and when they were first used?
Chlorine, caused death by suffocation, second battle of Ypres (April 1915)
Phosgene, fast acting suffocation, end of 1915
Mustard, caused internal and external blisters and could pass through clothing to burn the skin, 1917
What was trench foot, the treatment and the prevention?
painful swollen feet as a result of standing in cold mud and water for a prolonged period, leading to gangrene, treated with amputation, prevented by changing socks regularly and rubbing whale oil onto feet
What was shell shock, the treatment and the prevention?
PTSD characterised by nervous breakdowns, headaches, uncontrollable shaking etc, not treated due to limited understanding
What was trench fever, the treatment and the prevention?
Disease characterised by high temperature, headaches and aching muscles, treated by getting rid of lice at the delousing station but not much could be done to prevent it
What were shrapnel wounds, infection and head injuries, the treatment and the prevention?
shrapnel and bullets entering the body, tanking fabric and dirt with it and causing gangrene and tetanus, treated by trying to remove material when removing shrapnel, prevented with anti-tetanus injections and brodie helmets
What were gas attacks, the treatment and the prevention?
symptoms were blindness, internal and external blisters and burns, treated by flushing eyes with alkali solution and washing the skin, prevented using gas masks
What were the RAMC and what did they do?
The royal army medical corps provided medical care for the allied soldiers
What were the FANY and what did they do?
The first aid nursing yeomanry was the first women’s voluntary organisation to send people to the western front, driving ambulances and conducting emergency first aid
What were the six stages of the chain of evacuation?
stretcher bearers, regimental aid post, dressing station, casualty clearing station, hospital trains, base hospital
