Cold war chapter 3 Flashcards
who was the president from 1969 to 1974?
Nixon
Who was the president from 1974 to 1977?
Ford
Who was the president from 1977 to 1981?
Carter
Who was the president from 1981 to 1989?
Reagan
Who was the president from 1989 to 1993?
Bush
What was detente?
period of peace between two groups that were previously at war
What is nuclear parity?
situation in which two or more nations possessing nuclear weapons have equal or near equal numbers and quality of weapons
What were some of the causes of détente for the USA?
Vietnam war, civil rights movement, riots
What were some of the causes of détente for the USSR?
cutting spending, improving living standards, improving relations
What were the main agreements of SALT 1?
ABM treaty, basic principles agreements, interim treaty
What was the ABM treaty?
anti-ballistic missiles treaty limited each side to 2 deployment areas and 100 missiles max
What was the basic principles agreement?
laid down rules for the conduct of nuclear warfare and set out steps for avoiding nuclear warfare
What was the interim agreement?
Limited the number of ICBMs each country could have
When was SALT 1?
May 1972
What were the Helsinki accords?
security, cooperation, human rights
When were the Helsinki accords signed?
1975
What did each of the baskets of the Helsinki accords mean?
security- borders cannot be changed by force
cooperation- working together including joint space mission
Human rights- respecting human rights including freedom of speech
When was SALT 2?
1979
What were the agreements of SALT 2?
limited nuclear warheads and strategic delivery vehicles
What factors contributed to the ending of detente?
increase of communism in central America, Tehran embassy captured by Islamic militants, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
What was the Mujahideen?
Muslims who fight on the behalf of their faith or the Muslim community
What was the Carter doctrine?
policy declared by Carter that if necessary, the USA would use force to defend its interests in the Persian gulf
What led to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
The pro-Soviet government was removed in a coup by Hafizullah Amin. He became unpopular with Muslim factions and there were talks of American support
When was the coup of Afghanistan and what happened?
In September 1979, Hafizullah Amin staged a coup of the pro Soviet government
Why did the Soviet union benefit from a pro Soviet government in Afghanistan?
Iran had a Muslim fundamentalist government and Afghanistan acted as a buffer zone between Iran and the USSR to stop the religious beliefs spreading
How did the USA oppose the Soviet influence in Afghanistan?
imposed economic sanctions and funded the mujahideen, costing the USSR $8 bn a year
What were the Olympic boycotts?
The USA led a boycott of the 1980 Olympics in Moscow, joined by 60 countries
What were the consequences of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan?
Carter withdrew the SALT 2 proposal, increased arms spending
What were the consequences of the Olympic boycotts?
humiliated and undermined the USSR, worsened relations, led to a boycott of the LA Olympics in 1984 by the USSR and 15 other communist countries, reduced profit from tourism and Olympic support
How did the USA benefit from control in the middle East?
Oil fields in the Persian gulf were crucial to their prosperity
What were Reagan’s views on communism?
He thought communism was evil and the USA represented forces for good
How did Reagan instigate the second cold war?
boosted arms spending by 13 percent in 1982 with a further 8 percent in 1983 and 1984, trident submarines and stealth bombers developed, interfered and supported anti-communist groups in Central America and the Caribbean
What was the strategic defence initiative?
In 1983, Reagan announced that the USA would place a series of satellites in orbit with the capacity to shoot down soviet missiles
Why was the SDI important?
Put pressure on the USSR’s finances, broke the 1967 outer space treaty, it was not ready and was just Reagan bluffing
Who became leader of the USSR in March 1985?
Gorbachev
What was Perestroika?
reconstruction- Reforming the Soviet economy to include some of the practices that made Capitalism successful
What was Glasnost?
transparency-less corruption and fear in government
What were the consequences of Glasnost?
Brezhnev doctrine dropped, reduced arms spending, withdrawal from Afghanistan
What happened at the Geneva summit of 1985?
Gorbachev and Reagan established a good working relationship
What happened at the Reykjavik summit of 1986?
Gorbachev, knowing the risks of Nuclear power, especially after the Chernobyl disaster, suggested phasing out nuclear weapons if the USA gave up SDI. No agreement was made but relations improved
What happened at the Washington summit of 1987?
The intermediate range nuclear force treaty stated that both countries would abolish all land based missiles with a range of 500-5500 km
What happened at the Malta summit of 1989?
Bush and Gorbachev marked the end of the Cold war
What were the five summits that led to the end of the cold war?
Geneva, Reykjavik, Washington, Moscow, Malta
What led to the tearing down of the Berlin Wall?
in May 1989, Hungary’s government took down the fence along Austria’s border, promising democracy and free elections, solidarity was legalised in Poland in June 1989, Velvet revolution overthrows communist government in Czechoslovakia in November
What were the events of the fall of the Berlin wall?
Huge numbers of East Germans left for the West In September, travelling through Hungary to Austria, demonstrations against the govt. were not stopped by Gorbachev, East German govt. announced open borders in November and people began tearing down the wall. East and West were reunited in 1990
What events followed the fall of the Berlin wall?
December 1990, Slovenia became its own independent nation, breaking apart Yugoslavia, demonstrations against communism in December 1989 led to the execution of communist leader Petrescu, Bulgaria’s communist leader resigned December 1989
What were the consequences of the fall of the Berlin wall?
Warsaw pact broken up, Gorbachev fell from power as he was blamed for losing control of the Warsaw pact and a coup was staged against him, leading him to eventually resign 25th December 1990
