Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HistoPath > Histopathology 4: Endocrine pathology > Flashcards

Histopathology 4: Endocrine pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Which 2 hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH
Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common pituitary adenoma ?

A

Prolactinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which cells produce calcitonin ? What is the function of this?

A

Parafollicular cells (C-cells) - found in thyroid - promotes absorption of calcium by the skeletal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common cause of non-toxic goitre world wide ?

A

Iodine deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism ?

A

Grave’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List the triad of features seen in Grave’s disease ?

A

Hyperthyroidism
Exophthalmus
Pretibial myxoedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypothyroidism with Hurthle cells on histology.

Most likely diagnosis ?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Hurthle cells = epithelial cells of the thyroid that become very large with lots of eosinophilic cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most common carcinoma of the thyroid ?

A

Pappilary carcinoma (75%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thyroid histology shows psamomma bodies, empty looking nuclei and intranuclear inclusions (Orphan Annie eye).

Most likely diagnosis ?

A

Pappilary carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Congo red staining of the thyroid shows apple green birefringence. The cancer is affecting the parafollicular cells. The patient is known to have MEN2a

Most likely diagnosis and aetiology of this?

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Calcitonin is produced from the parafolicular cells and is broken down to form amyloid which deposits in the thyroid gland - this amyloid is what the Congo red picks up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism ?

A

Renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List 5 physical signs seen in hypoparathyroidism ?

A

CATS go numb (signs of low Ca)

Convulsions
Arrhythmias
Tetany
Spasms

Numbness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which paediatric tumour affects the adrenal medulla ?

Name of tumour in adults

A

Neuroblastoma

Phaeochromocytoma

NB these both secrete catecholamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List 3 syndromes which feature phaeochromocytomas?

A

MEN
von Hippel Lindau
Sturge-Weber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what cells make up the anterior pituitary

A

epithelial
blood supply from pituitary portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What cells make up the posterior pituitary

A

nerve cells
supplied by nerves originating in the supraoptic nucleus and periventricular nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

list 3 main effects of functioning pituitary adenomas

A

prolactinomas - amenorrhoea…
GH adenomas - gigantism, acromegaly, DM, muscle weakness, hypertension, congestive cardiac failure
Corticotroph cell adenoma - Cushing’s

**PLEASE CLOZE DELETE EACH ANSWER AND DO THEM ALL AS C1**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

causes of hypopituitarism (3)

A
  • non-secreting pituitary adenoma
  • ischaemic necrosis - esp post partum ( Sheehan syndrome), DIC, SCA, elevated ICP, shock
  • iatrogenic - ablation of pituitary by surgery or radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what 2 syndromes involve ADH

A
  • diabetes insipidus: large amounts of dilute urine
  • SIADH: presents with profound hyponatraemia (from dilutional effects)
20
Q

local mass effect of pituitary tumours

A
  • compression of optic chiasm - bitemporal hemianopia
  • larger - raised ICP
  • severe - obstructive hydrocephalus
21
Q

4 primary causes of thyrotoxicosis (high T3/4)

A
  • graves
  • hyperfunctioning multinodular goitre
  • hyperfunctioning adenoma
  • thyroiditis
22
Q

causes of hypothyroidism (which is most common)

A

primary:

  • post ablative (after surgery/radiotherapy)
  • AI (hashimotos)
  • iodine deficiency

secondary:
- pit/hypothalamic failure (MOST COMMON)

23
Q

features of hashimotos thyroiditis

Histology

A
  • painless enlargement of thyroid gland
  • lots of lymphoid cells + Hurthle cells (epithelial cells of the thyroid become very large with lots of eosinophilic cytoplasm)
24
Q

what are thyroid adenomas

A
  • benign neoplasms of the follicular epithelium
  • usually solitary
  • well circumscribed
  • well formed capsule
  • small proportion functional and cause thyrotoxicosis, but need to examine the capsule for invasion to exclude follicular carcinoma
25
Q

RF for thyroid carcinoma

A

genetics eg MEN
ionising radiation

26
Q

Size of microadenoma

A

<1cm

27
Q

Where are parafollicular cells (C cells) found? What do they do?

A

Thyroid gland - synthesise calcitonin which promotes absorption of calcium by the skeletal system

28
Q

Multinodular vs non-toxic goitre

A
  • Goitre = enlargement of thyroid
  • Non-toxic = NOT overproducing thyroid hormones
  • Multinodular = hyperfunctioning nodule, can lead to hyperthyroidism
29
Q

Antibodies seen in Grave’s disease

A

Antibodies to the TSH receptor (these stimulate thyroid hormone release)

30
Q

Features suggestive of neoplasia of thyroid gland

A
  • Solitary rather than multiple
  • Solid rather than cystic
  • Younger patients
  • Males > females
  • Nodules that do NOT take up radioiodine (cold nodules) are more likely to be neoplastic
31
Q

Where might papillary carcinoma of thyroid gland metastasise?

A

cervical lymph node

32
Q

Where do follicular carcinoma of thyroid gland metastasise?

A

via the bloodstream to the lungs, bone and liver

33
Q

Age group affected by anaplastic thryoid gland carcinoma

A

Elderly

34
Q

What type of thyroid carcinoma arises from the Parafollicular/ C cells of the thyroid?

A
  • Medullary
35
Q

Most common cause of Hypoparathyroidism

A

Surgical ablation

36
Q

What part of adrenal gland cortex secretes noradrenaline + adrenaline?

A

Medulla (proper inside part - below zona reticularis)

37
Q

Aetiology of Hyperparathyroidism

A
  • 80-90% are due to a solitary adenoma
  • 10-20% are due to hyperplasia of ALL four glands (part of MEN1)
  • NB only 1% due to carcinoma
38
Q

What happens to bone in hyperPTH?

A

Bone resorption with thinning of the cortex and cyst formation (osteitis fibrosa cystica)

39
Q

Condition where an adenoma causes increase in aldosterone

Another cause of hyperaldosteronism

A

Conn’s syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)

bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (60% cases)

NB get HTN (since retain Na) and low K (increased excretion) in hyperaldosteronism

40
Q

Aetiology of Cushing’s

A
  • XS cortisol
  • Most due to exogenous glucocorticoids XS

Endogenous causes:

  • pituitary adenoma secreting ACTH (Cushing’s disease)
  • ectopic ACTH (small cell lung cancer)
41
Q

Most common type of adrenocortical neoplasms

A

Adenomas (Cushing’s, Conn’s)

42
Q

Name of catecholamine-secreting tumours arise OUTSIDE of the adrenal

A

paragangliomas (found on side of neck or spine)

43
Q

Rule of 10s in causes of Phaeochromocytoma

A
  • 10% arise in association with a familial syndrome: MEN 2A and 2B, Von Hippel Lindau, Sturge-Weber
  • 10% are bilateral
  • 10% are malignant
  • 10% of catecholamine-secreting tumours arise OUTSIDE of the adrenal (paragangliomas)
44
Q

Main aetiology of Addison’s Disease (primary chronic Adrenal Insufficiency)

A

Autoimmune (75-90%)

45
Q

What is MEN?

A
  • Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Syndromes
  • group of inherited diseases resulting in proliferative lesions of multiple endocrine organs
  • Arise in ≥ 1 endocrine organ OR may be multi-focal within one endocrine organ
  • Tumours are often preceded by hyperplasia
46
Q

Tumours in MEN1 (3)

Tumours in MEN2A (3)

Tumours in MEN2B (3)

A
  • Pituitary adenoma
  • Parathyroid hyperplasia
  • Pancreatic tumours
  • Medullary thyroid carcinoma
  • Parathyroid hyperplasia
  • Phaeochromocytoma
  • Same as 2A
  • Marfanoid body habitus
  • Mucosal neoplasms

HistoPath (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions