Histopathology 21: Respiratory Pathology Flashcards
What does pulmonary oedema look like on histology ?
Intra-alveolar fluid
What is the name of the neonatal disease in which preterm babies have insufficient surfactant production ?
Hyaline membrane disease of the newborn
“On post-mortem examination of the lungs they are heavier than normal, expanded and firm. They are plumb coloured and airless”
Which disease does this describe ?
Acute lung injuries: ARDS or hyaline membrane disease of the newborn
List 4 acute changes to the airways in asthma ?
Bronchospasm
Oedema
Hyperaemia
Inflammation
List 4 chronic changes to the airways in asthma ?
Muscular hypertrophy
Airway narrowing
Goblet cell hyperplasia
Scarring
What are the histological findings of asthma ?
Eosinophils and mast cells Hypertrophic goblet cells Dilated vessels Thick muscular layer Charcot-Leyden Crystals
What are the histological findings of Chronic bronchitis?
Dilated airways
Mucous gland hyperplasia
Goblet cell hyperplasia
Mild inflammation
What are the histological findings of emphysema ?
Centrilobular damage to alveolar tissue
Panacinar (if alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency)
List 5 pathologies seen with cystic fibrosis ?
Lungs- Thick mucous with recurrent infections G.I tract- meconium ileus Pancreas - pancreatitis Liver - cirrhosis Male reproductive system - Infertility
List histological features of Bronchopneumonia ?
Patchy bronchial/peri bronchial distribution often the lower lobes
Acute inflammation surrounding airways and in alveoli
List histological features of lobar pneumonia ?
Widespread fibrinosuppurative consolidation
Which tumours tend to arise in the airways ?
Squamous cell carcinomas
Which tumours tend to arise in the peripheral alveolar spaces ?
Adenocarcinomas
Which tumours tend to arise in the lung pleura ?
Mesothelioma
Which tumours tend to arise centrally or peripherally ?
Small cell lung cancer
Which lung cancers are more associated with smokers than non-smokers ?
Squamous cell carcinomas and small cell carcinomas
Whereas non-smokers tend to get adenocarcinomas
Which mutations are more common in smokers and non-smokers with adenocarcinomas of the lungs?
Smokers - K ras
Non-smokers - EGFR
Which has the worse prognosis: small cell lung cancer or non-small cell lung cancers ?
Small cell lung cancers
What is hypogammaglobulinaemia ?
An Immune disorder characterised by a reduction in all types of gamma globulins e.g antibodies that form part of the immune response.
Congenital, iatrogenic
SCID, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, CLL, nephrotic syndrome
Which cancer is associated with asbestos exposure ?
Mesothelioma
Which 3 cancers are considered NSCLC
- Adenocarcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Large cell carcinoma
List 3 congenital causes of bronchiectasis ?
- CF
- Primary colliery dyskinesia
- Hypogammaglobulinaemia
- Yellow nail syndrome
List 3 fibrosing causes of interstitial lung disease ?
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- Pneumoconiosis
- Radiation pneumonitis
List 2 granulomatous causes of interstitial lung disease?
- Sarcoidosis
- extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Which part of the lung does asbestosis tend to affect ?
- Lower lobe
List 2 examples of extrinsic allergic alveolitis ?
- Farmer’s lung
- Pigeon fancier’s lung
List 3 examples of pneumoconiosis ?
- Coal worker’s lung
- Silicosis
- asbestosis
How is Extrinsic allergic alveolitis different to pneumoconiosis ?
- Pneumoconiosis is caused by inhalation of mineral dust or inorganic particles leading to fibrosis
- EAA is caused by inhalation of organic antigens which cause an allergic response leading to fibrosis
- EAA has allergic symptoms when exposed to the organic antigen- SOB, fever, chest pain
