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MTAP 2 > HISTOPATHOLOGY > Flashcards

HISTOPATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Process

A

RECEIVING > NUMBERING > LOGBOOK
NAME & AGE OF PATIENT
ATTENDING PHYSICIAN
INITIAL DIAGNOSIS
TYPE OF SPECIMEN

> PATHOLOGIST: GROSSS EXAM (COLOR, CONSISTENCY, GROSS WEIGHT) > DISSECTION > TISSUE CASETTES
MEASURE > CUTTING > MEDTECH: PROCESS

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2
Q

Occurs once fixative penetrates the tissues

A

FIXATION

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3
Q

Primary Goal of Fixation:

A

TO PRESERVE TISSUES AS CLOSE TO THE ORIGINAL AS POSSIBLE

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4
Q

Secondary Goals of Fixation:

A
  1. TO HARDEN SPECIMEN TO FACILITATE EASY CUTTING INTO THIN SLICES
  2. TO PROTECT TISSUE FROM TRAUMA OF FURTHER HANDLING
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5
Q

Factors Involves in Fixation:

A
  1. THICKNESS/SIZE
  2. pH OF FIXATIVE
  3. OSMOLALITY
  4. CONCENTRATION OF FIXATIVE
  5. CORRECT VOLUME
  6. TIME AND DURATION OF FIXATION
  7. TEMPERATURE
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6
Q

Thicker = ___ fixation time

A

LONGER

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7
Q

Required size of tissue in fixation

A

3 x 2 cm

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8
Q

Required thickness of tissue in fixation

A

3-5 mm

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9
Q

Thickness of lungs tissue in fixation

A

1-2 cm

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10
Q

Ideal pH of fixative

A

6-8

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11
Q

Osmolality: by the book

A

SLIGHTLY HYPERTONIC

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12
Q

Osmolality: in practice

A

ISOTONIC

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13
Q

Osmolality: cell swelling

A

HYPOTONIC

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14
Q

Osmolality: cell shrinkage

A

HYPERTONIC

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15
Q

Concentrated solution = ___

A

DAMAGING

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16
Q

-We dilute to produce 10% solution

A

10% FORMALIN

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17
Q

Need to dilute

A

GLUTARALDEHYDE

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18
Q

Penetration rate of formalin

A

1 mm/hr

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19
Q

Maximum effective fixation

A

20x THE VOLUME OF SPECIMEN

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20
Q

Osmium tetroxide

A

5-10x THE VOLUME OF SPECIMEN

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21
Q

Ratio of fixative to specimen

A

15-20:1

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22
Q

Usual time and duration of fixation

A

24-48 HOURS

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23
Q

Temperature: EM & histochemistry

A

0-4 degC

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24
Q

Temperature: Autotechnicon

A

40 degC

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25
Q

Temperature: Manual

A

ROOM TEMPERATURE

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26
Q

Factors to be Considered when choosing the Right Fixative:

A
  1. URGENCY OF THE CASE / NEED FOR IMMEDIATE EXAM
  2. TYPE OF TISSUE TO BE PROCESSED
  3. TISSUE STRUCTURE TO BE STUDIED
  4. STAINING TECHNIQUE TO BE APPLIED
  5. TYPE OF SECTION TO BE MADE
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27
Q

Needs to use fixative that is fast-acting

A

URGENT BIOPSY

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28
Q

Commonly used bc rapid in action

A

FORMALIN

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29
Q

Brain tissues for diagnosis of rabies

A

CARNOY’S & ACETONE

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30
Q

Do not use for kidneys

A

BOUIN’S

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31
Q

Best for preserving Glycogen

A

PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES LIKE BRASIL’S FLUID

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32
Q

For enzymes (lipases & phosphatases)
Do not use for fats bc it dissolves fats

A

ACETONE

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33
Q

Routine staining
Compatible with many fixatives

A

H&E STAINING

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34
Q

Inhibit hematoxylin

A

OSMIUM TETROXIDE

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35
Q

Type of Section to be Made:

A

SERIAL / INDIVIDUAL

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36
Q

Factors that Prolong Fixation Time:

A
  1. COLD TEMPERATURE
  2. PRESENCE OF BLOOD & MUCUS IN THE SPECIMEN
  3. SIZE & THICKNESS OF SPECIMEN
  4. PRESENCE OF FATS
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37
Q

Remedy for Presence of blood & mucus in the specimen

A

WASH THE TISSUE WITH NSS

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38
Q

Remedy for Presence of fats

A

CUT THEM THINLY TO ENSURE RAPID ENTRY OF FIXATIVE

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39
Q

Factors that Accelerate Fixation:

A
  1. SIZE & THICKNESS OF TISSUE
  2. HEAT APPLICATION
  3. AGITATION
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40
Q

Smaller = ___ fixation time

41
Q

Continuous agitation → ___

A

RAPID ENTRY OF FIXATIVE TO TISSUE

42
Q

Faster fixation time than manual method

A

AUTOTECHNICON

43
Q

Problems in Fixation:
Loss of Substance Soluble in Fixing Agent - ___

A

WRONG CHOICE OF FIXATIVE

44
Q

Problems in Fixation:
Too hard/brittle - ___

A

OVERFIXATION

45
Q

Problems in Fixation:
Too soft - ___

A

INADEQUATE FIXATION

46
Q

Problems in Fixation:
Presence of artifacts - ___

A

INADEQUATE WASHING

47
Q

Problems in Fixation:
___ - Wrong choice of fixative

A

LOSS OF SUBSTANCE SOLUBLE IN FIXING AGENT

48
Q

Problems in Fixation:
___ - Overfixation

A

TOO HARD/BRITTLE

49
Q

Problems in Fixation:
___ - Inadequate fixation

50
Q

Problems in Fixation:
___ - Inadequate washing

A

PRESENCE OF ARTIFACTS

51
Q

Types of Fixatives as to Mechanism of Action:

A

ADDITIVE
NON-ADDITIVE

52
Q

Binds to tissue, becomes part of the tissue

53
Q

ALL EXCEPT ___ are Additives

A

ACETONE & ALCOHOL

54
Q

Does not bind / become part of the tissue

A

NON-ADDITIVE

55
Q

Types of Fixative as to Action / Purpose:

A
  1. HISTOCHEMICAL
  2. CYTOLOGICAL
  3. MICROANATOMICAL
56
Q

Preserve chemical components like enzymes (phosphatase, lipase)

A

HISTOCHEMICAL

57
Q

Acid mucopolysaccharides, acid mucins

A

HISTOCHEMICAL

58
Q

Preserve all parts of the cell (nucleus / cytoplasm)

A

CYTOLOGICAL

59
Q

Nuclear Fixatives:

A

CARNOY’S
BOUIN’S
NEWCOMER’S
HEIDENHAIN’S SUSA
FLEMMING’S W/ HAc

60
Q

Cytoplasmic Fixatives:

A

REGAUD’S / MOLLER’S
ORTH’S
FORMALIN W/ POST CHROMING
FLEMMING’S W/O HAc

61
Q

General microscopic study of tissue structures w/o altering structural pattern & normal intercellular relationship of tissues
Preserve tissues & cells as a whole

A

MICROANATOMICAL

62
Q

Prepare 1 liter of 10% Formalin

A

100 mL of 37-40% FORMALIN + 900 mL DISTILLED WATER

63
Q

Types of Fixatives as to Active Component Substance:

A
  1. FORMALDEHYDE / FORMALIN
  2. GLUTARALDEHYDE
  3. MERCURIC CHLORIDE
  4. CHROMATE
  5. LEAD
  6. PICRIC ACID
64
Q

CNS & post mortem tissues
NSS used to dilute

A

10% FORMAL SALINE

65
Q

Same but sodium phosphate is added as buffer to preserve tissues w/ iron pigments

A

10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN

66
Q

Sputum specimens & microincineration technique
Ethanol + Glacial acetic acid + Formaldehyde

A

ALCOHOLIC FORMALIN / GENDRES

66
Q

Lipids & neutral phospholipids
Formalin + Mercuric chloride

A

FORMOL CORROSIVE / FORMOL SUBLIMATE

67
Q

For EM

A

GLUTARALDEHYDE

68
Q

Small tissue fragments / needle biopsies

A

2.5% SOLUTION

69
Q

Larger tissues, >4 mm thick

A

4% SOLUTION

70
Q

Most common metallic
Trichrome staining & tissue photography

A

MERCURIC CHLORIDE FIXATIVE

71
Q

Disadvantage: Leave black mercury deposits

A

MERCURIC CHLORIDE FIXATIVE

72
Q

Liver spleen, CT & nuclei

A

ZENKER’S FLUID

73
Q

Bone marrow

74
Q

Tumor skin biopsies

A

HEIDENHAIN’S SUSA

75
Q

Pituitary gland, BM, spleen, liver

A

HELLY’S FLUID / ZENKER FORMOL / FORMOL ZENKER

76
Q

3 Types of Metallic Fixative:

A
  1. MERCURIC CHLORIDE
  2. LEAD
  3. CHROMIC
77
Q

Carbohydrates

A

1-2% CHROMIC ACID

78
Q

Lipids, mitochondria

A

POTASSIUM DICHROMATE 3%

79
Q

Mitochondria, RBC, & colloid containing tissues

A

REGAUD’S FLUID / MOLLER

80
Q

Rickettsia & other bacteria, tissue necrosis

A

ORTH’S FLUID

81
Q

Acid mucopolysaccharide

82
Q

Excellent for glycogen determination

A

PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES

83
Q

Versatile but impart a yellow color

A

PICRIC ACID

84
Q

Under picric acid as main ingredient
Embryos, pituitary biopsies & endometrial curettings
Not for kidney structures
Not compatible w/ Feulgen’s

85
Q

Touch preparations

A

95% ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

86
Q

Solidifies at 17 degC
Contraindicated for cytoplasmic fixation
Combination w/ other fixatives to produce a compound fixative

A

GLACIAL ACETIC ACID

87
Q

Ice cold temperature

88
Q

Most rapid fixative
Chromosomes & lymph glands

A

CARNOY’S

89
Q

Mucopolysaccharides & nuclear protein

A

NEWCOMER’S

90
Q

Alcohol Fixatives:

A

ETHANOL
METHANOL
IPA / ISOPROPYL
CARNOY’S
NEWCOMER’S

91
Q

Picric Acid Fixatives:

A

BOUIN’S
BRASIL’S
HOLLANDE’S

92
Q

For Electron Microscopy:

A

OSMIUM TETROXIDE
GLUTARALDEHYDE
PARAFORMALDEHYDE

93
Q

Fixation Methods:

A
  1. PHYSICAL METHOD
    HEAT FIXATION
    MICROWAVE TECHNIQUE
  2. CHEMICAL METHOD
94
Q

Thermal coagulation of proteins

A

HEAT FIXATION

95
Q

Typical, immerse in chemical fixatives

A

CHEMICAL METHOD

96
Q

Fixative & dehydrating
Phosphatases & lipases

97
Q

Disadvantage: Evaporates easily & dissolves fats

MTAP 2 (4 decks)

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