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HEMATOLOGY 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Discipline that studies the development and diseases of blood
Involves:

A
  • HEMATOLOGY
  • ANALYSES OF CONCENTRATION
  • MORPHOLOGY & FUNCTION OF CELLS IN THE BLOOD
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2
Q

Hematocrit; other RBC indices

A

CONCENTRATION

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3
Q

Anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, blood volume, etc.

A

MORPHOLOGY

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4
Q

Why do we need to understand the results of laboratory procedures?

A
  • TO MONITOR EFFECTS OF THERAPY
  • DETECT THE MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE FOLLOWING THERAPY
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5
Q

Bacterial infection

A

NEUTROPHILIA

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6
Q

Viral infection

A

NEUTROPENIA

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7
Q

Macrophage in tissues (___ line of defense)

A

MONOCYTE
3RD

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8
Q

Parasite infection & allergy

A

BASOPHILIA

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9
Q

HISTORY
Athanasius Kircher: ___ - ___

A

1657
WORMS

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10
Q

HISTORY
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: ___; ___ - ___

A

MICROSCOPE
1674
ACCOUNT OF RBCs

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11
Q

HISTORY
Giulio Bizzozero: platelets - ___

A

PETITE PLAQUES

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12
Q

HISTORY
James Homer Wright: ___ - ___

A

1902
WRIGHT STAIN

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13
Q

HISTORY
1657 worms

A

ATHANASIUS KIRCHER

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14
Q

HISTORY
Microscope; 1674 account of RBCs

A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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15
Q

HISTORY
1902 Wright stain

A

JAMES HOMER WRIGHT

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16
Q

3 Categories of Blood Cells:

A
  1. RBCs
  2. WBCs
  3. PLATELETS
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17
Q

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma

A

WHOLE BLOOD

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18
Q

Small white layer of cells lying between the packed cell volume & plasma (leukocytes & platelets)

A

BUFFY COAT

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19
Q

Liquid portion of unclotted blood
Color: (due to ___)

A
  • PLASMA
  • HAZY / PALE YELLOW
  • FIBRIN
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20
Q

Fluid that remains after coagulation
Color:

A
  • SERUM
  • CLEAR & STRAW COLORED
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21
Q

Red Blood Cells
Description:
Diameter:
Transports ___ & ___
Includes:

A
  • ANUCLEATE, BICONCAVE, DISCOID CELLS FILLED W/ REDDISH PROTEIN (HEMOGLOBIN)
  • 6-8 UM IN DIAMETER W/ ZONE OF PALLOR THAT OCCUPIES 1/3 OF THEIR CENTER
  • TRANSPORTS OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE
  • HEMOGLOBIN, HEMATOCRIT, RBC INDICES
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22
Q

Anemia

A

INSUFFICIENT OF HEALTHY RBC

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23
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A

TOO MANY RBC

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24
Q

White Blood Cells
Description:
Function:

A
  • LOOSELY RELATED CATEGORY OF CELL TYPES
  • PROTECT HOST FROM INFECTION & INJURY
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25
Q

Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi

A

MICROBIOLOGY

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26
Q

1st line of defense

A

SKIN

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27
Q

2nd line of defense

A

WBCs

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28
Q

3rd line of defense

A

PLASMA CELLS, NK, MACROPHAGE, CYTOKINES

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29
Q

Leukopenia

A

LOW / DECREASED WBC COUNT

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30
Q

Leukocytosis

A

HIGH / INCREASED WBC COUNT

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31
Q

Leukemia
Examples:

A
  • CANCER OF THE BLOOD
  • ALL (ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA), AML (ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA)
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32
Q

Types of WBCs

A
  1. NEUTROPHILS - BANDS
  2. EOSINOPHILS
  3. BASOPHILS
  4. LYMPHOCYTES
  5. MONOCYTES
33
Q

Platelets
Includes:
Processes:

A
  • MAINTAIN BLOOD VESSEL INTEGRITY BY INITIATING VESSEL WALL REPAIRS
  • HOMEOSTASIS & THROMBOSIS
  • ADHESION, SECRETION & AGGREGATION
34
Q

Main function of platelets

A

STOP THE BLEEDING

35
Q

Applicable safety practices required by the OSHA standard

A

SAFETY IN THE HEMATOLOGY LABORATORY

36
Q

Main function of OSHA

A

TO ENSURE SAFE & HEALTHFUL WORKING CONDITIONS FOR WORKER BY SETTING THE STANDARD

37
Q

Original term

A

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS

38
Q

OSHA’s current terminology

A

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS

39
Q

Pathogenic microorganisms that when present in human blood, can cause disease
Love to stay at ___ where they can ___, ___, and ___
Include but not limited to ___, ___, ___

A
  • BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS
  • BODY TEMPERATURE (37 degC)
  • PROPAGATE, NOURISH THEMSELVES, AND REPRODUCE
  • HBV, HCV, HIV
40
Q

Most common sites for venipuncture

A

SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF ANTECUBITAL FOSSA

41
Q

Skin puncture
Mixture of blood from:
May generate:

A
  • NEWBORNS & PEDIATRICS, GERIATRIC, BURNED PATIENTS
  • VENULES, ARTERIOLES, CAPILLARIES, & INTERSTITIAL & INTRACELLULAR FLUIDS
  • SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT TEST RESULTS
42
Q

Collection Sites:
Under 1 year old:
Children older than 1 / Adults:

A
  • LATERAL / MEDIAL PLANTAR SURFACE OF HEEL
  • PALMAR SURFACE OF THE DISTAL PORTION OF THE 3RD / 4TH FINGER
43
Q

Capillary blood:
More glucose ___
More leukocytes ___
Lower rbc count & hemoglobin value ___
Lower platelet count
RBCs are more fragile

A
  • 10-20 mg/dL
  • up to 1000/uL
  • 5%
44
Q

Capillary blood:
More ___, ___, ___
Lower ___ & ___, ___

A
  • GLUCOSE, LEUKOCYTES, FRAGILE
  • RBC COUNT & HEMOGLOBIN VALUE, PLATELET COUNT
45
Q

Prenatal Hematopoiesis
Most are ___ (___)

A
  • ERYTHROID
  • MORE RBC THAN WBC & PLATELETS
46
Q

I. Mesoblastic Stage
Period:
Formation of ___ in ___
Aggregation of ___
Occurs:
Development of ___ - produces ___

A
  • 19TH DAY OF GESTATION
  • BLOOD ISLANDS, YOLK SAC
  • PRIMITIVE CELLS
  • INTRAVASCULARLY
  • PRIMITIVE ERYTHROBLAST (PE), HEMOGLOBIN
47
Q

Future blood vessels

A

ANGIOBLAST

48
Q

I. Mesoblastic Stage
Types of Hemoglobin
Produced during:

A
  1. GOWER I
  2. GOWER II
  3. PORTLAND
    * EMBRYONIC PHASE
49
Q

II. Hepatic Stage
Period:
Recognizable clusters of developing ___, ___, & ___
___ start to appear; ___
Occurs:

A
  • 4-5 GESTATIONAL WEEKS
  • ERYTHROBLAST, GRANULOCYTE, & MONOCYTES
  • LYMPHOID CELLS, LIFETIME
  • EXTRAVASCULARLY
50
Q

Significant Contributions of Other Organs:
A. Thymus -
B. Kidney -
C. Spleen - active in:
___ - until the end of ___
___ - becomes minimal by the ___ month
___ - lifetime
D. Lymph nodes - ___, ___, ___, ___, & ___

A
  • T CELL (CELLULAR)
  • B CELL (HUMORAL)
  • ERYTHROPOIESIS
  • MYELOPOIESIS
  • LYMPHOPOIESIS
  • NRBCs (NUCLEATED RBCs), GRANULOCYTES, MONOCYTES, LYMPHOCYTES, & MEGAKARYOCYTES
51
Q

First fully developed organ

52
Q

II. Hepatic Stage
Hemoglobins:

A
  1. Hb A
  2. Hb A2
  3. Hb F
53
Q

III. Medullary / Myeloid Phase
Period:
Occurs in:

A
  • 5TH MONTH OF FETAL LIFE
  • MEDULLA / INNER PART OF BONE MARROW
54
Q

Ratio of myeloid to erythroid by ___ of gestation

A
  • 3:1
  • 21ST WEEK
55
Q

By the 6th month, hematopoietic main site → production of hematopoietic phase

A

LONG SHAFT OF THE BONES

56
Q

Begins to appear & gradually ___ in concentration

A
  • Hb A1
  • INCREASES
57
Q

III. Medullary / Myeloid Phase
Already Measurable in this Phase (through special lab tests):

A
  1. EPO (Erythropoietin)
  2. G-CSF (Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor)
  3. GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
  4. Hb F
  5. Hb A2
58
Q

Chief site of Mesoblastic Stage

59
Q

Chief site of Hepatic Stage
Fetal:

A
  • LIVER
  • 3RD MONTH OF DEVELOPMENT
60
Q

Chief site of Medullary / Myeloid Phase

A

RED BONE MARROW

61
Q

Totipotent
Occurs:

A
  • DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYO TO FETUS
  • FEW HOURS AFTER OVUM FERTILIZES
62
Q

Pluripotent
Present:

A
  • AFTER SEVERAL DAYS OF FERTILIZATION
  • ANY CELL TYPE EXCEPT FETUS
63
Q

Multipotent
Derived from:

A
  • PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL
  • LIMITED TO SPECIFIC TYPE OF CELLS TO FORM THE TISSUE
64
Q

Involved in the proliferation and maturation of blood cells

A

ADULT HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE

65
Q

Long bone that is responsible for the development of blood production

A

BONE MARROW

66
Q

Bone Marrow
Made up of:

In this cavity develops a ___

A
  • OSTEOBLAST - BONE FORMING CELL
    OSTEOCLAST - BONE RESORBING CELLS
  • PRIMITIVE, UNDIFFERENTIATED CELL KNOWN AS HEMACYTOBLAST / STEM CELLS
  • ONLY mature cells are released normally
67
Q

ALL blood formed elements ultimately develop from this undifferentiated precursor

A

BONE MARROW

68
Q

A delicate balance exists between developing bone marrow space ___ (honeycomb like space) and the developing infant’s need for blood cells and the liver or spleen remains available because of its hematopoietic capability

A
  • 1st few years of life
  • TRABECULAR BONE
69
Q

Rate of bone marrow growth exceeds the need for blood cells. Therefore, active marrow sites are replaced with areas of fatty reserve and fat first develops in the long bones

A

4th year of life

70
Q

The only active hematopoietic sites are in the pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, scapulae, sternum, skull, and proximal extremities of the long bones

A

18th year of life

71
Q

Main difference between Red Marrow & Yellow Marrow

A

RED MARROW - HEMATOPOIETICALLY ACTIVE BONES
YELLOW MARROW - HEMATOPOIETICALLY INACTIVE BONES

72
Q

Site of blood cell development

A

RED MARROW

73
Q

Mixture of adipose tissue (adipocytes), undifferentiated mesenchymal cells & macrophage

A

YELLOW MARROW

74
Q

Blast

A

First recognizable precursor in each cell line

75
Q

Central Space

A

Due to resorption of cartilage and endosteal bone

76
Q

Infancy and Early Childhood:
5-7 y.o.:

A
  • RED MARROW ARE ACTIVE
  • ADIPOCYTES MORE ACTIVE
77
Q

Process replacing the active marrow by the adipose tissue during development

A

RETROGRESSION

78
Q

Primary Lymphoid Tissues:
Secondary Lymphoid Tissues:

A
  • BONE MARROW & THYMUS
    & WHERE T & B CELLS ARE DERIVED
  • LYMPHOID BECOME COMPETENT
79
Q

Blood cell production in hematopoietic tissue other than bone marrow (outside the bone marrow)
Principally occurs in liver and spleen (just like in fetus) lymph nodes and thymus

A

EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS

MTAP 2 (4 decks)

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