HistoPath of Adipose Tissue Disease Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 types of adipose tissue ?
A
- white
- brite/beige
- brown
2
Q
Briefly describe Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)
A
- made up predominantly of brown adipocytes
- generally multiocular, in terms of multiple lipid droplets with centrally placed nuclei
- high content of mito packed with cristae within the cytoplasm
3
Q
Describe the histology of White Adipose tissue
A
- has a ‘signet-ring’ morphology containing one or more large triglyceride droplet
4
Q
Describe the histology of beige adipose tissue
A
- multi lolcular lipid droplets
- unilocular lipid droplets
5
Q
Define Obesity
A
- multi-factorial & complex condition that is characterised by increased adiposity, mild chronic inflammation which can subsequently lead to the progression of other health related conditions
6
Q
Give some prevalence & trends on obesity
A
- 2014 = 11% of men & 15% of women aged 18 & older were obese
- an estimated 42 million children under 5 were overweight in 2013
7
Q
How do we define obesity?
A
- Body Mass Index
- waist circumference -> waist to hip ratio & waist to height ratio
- body fat measurements -> DXA scanning & Bioelectricla impedance
8
Q
Describe Bioelectrical Impendance test
A
- commonly used to assess body composition, predominantly body fat
- determines electrical impedance
- fat acts as an insulator
- decreased flow of electrical current
- increased impedance
9
Q
Describe DXA Scan
A
- Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- mainly used to determine bone mineral density
- 2 x-ray beams passed through the body & the amount x-ray absorbed by the tissues is measured
- DXA differentiates between fat & lean mass as tissue with greater density
10
Q
Give the equation for BMI
A
body mass (Kg) / height^2 (m)
11
Q
Give some co-morbidities of obesity
A
- type 2 diabetes
- hypertension
- heat & vascular diseases
- osteoarthritis
- gallstones
- certain cancers = oesophageal, colon & post-menopausal breast
12
Q
Describe inflammation in obestiy
A
- obesity is characterised by chronic mild inflammation
- several theories regarding the cause of inflammation have been suggested; hypoxia, ER stress, macrophage infiltration in WAT
13
Q
Describe Cachexia
A
- complex syndrome associated with an underlying illness
- causes ongoing muscle loss that isn’t entirely reversible with nutritional supplementation
- rare dieases can cause cachexia
14
Q
Give some examples of what diseases that might cachexia
A
- cancer
- congestive heart failure
- AIDs
- chronic kindey disease
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
15
Q
Describe Cancer Cachexia
A
- complex disorder driven by inflammation & metabolic imbalances
- results in extreme weight loss
- adipose tissue is an essential metabolic & secretory organ consisting of both WAT & BAT
16
Q
What happens to WAT during cancer cachexia ?
A
- WAT undergoes browning process, resulting in increased lipid mobilisation & energy expenditure & a decrease in adipocyte size
