Histopath Flashcards
1
Q
Pertains to personal and environmental health and safety
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Risk Management and Laboratory Safety
1
Q
If an unkown chemical was spilled in the lab, what should you do first.
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Check the MSDS
2
Q
First Step in Risk Management
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Identifiaction of Hazard
3
Q
SOP must be kept _ and at reach
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Indefinitely
3
Q
_ retraining/training of staff is a must
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Annual
4
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First Step in Safety Assurance
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Identification of hazard
5
Q
Health hazard the causes disease regardless of SOURCE
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BIOHAZARD
6
Q
Chemicals that causes REVERSIBLE inflammatory effects
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Irritant
6
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Chemicals that causes IRREVERSIBLE damage
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Corrosives
6
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Chemicals that causes ALLERGIC reactions
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Sensitizers
7
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Substances that induces growth of TUMORS / neoplasia
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Carcinogens
Chloroform, formaldehyde, benzidine
7
Q
Substances that are capable of causing DEATH
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Toxic
7
Q
Substances that Ignites AT or ABOVE FLASH POINTS
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Combustibles
7
Q
Flash points set by
OSHA | DOTr
A
38C (100F) | 60.5C (141F)
8
Q
Substances that ignites BELOW the FLASH POINT
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Flammable
9
Q
Two criteria of storage area of flammable/combustible substances
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- Well ventilated
- Away from Flames
9
Q
Hazards that EXPLODES
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Explosive
ex. Picric acid, Silver solutions
10
Q
They are harmless alone but are combustible when in contact with others
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Oxidizers
eg. Chromic acid, Mercuric oxide
10
Q
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary / Involuntary
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Voluntary
with striations
11
Q
Smooth Muscle
Voluntary / Involuntary
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Voluntary
11
Q
Cardiac Muscle
Voluntary / Involuntary
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Involuntary
12
Q
The 5 Connective Tissues
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- Dense Connective Tissue
- Adipose C T
- Areolar C T
- Compact Bone C T
- Blood C T
13
Q
Central Nervous System
“Cranial Nerves”
A
- Olfactory
- Optic
- Oculomotor
- Trochlear
- Trigeminal
- Abducens
- Facial
- Vestibulocochlear
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
- Accessory (Spinal)
- Hypoglossal
Mnenomics : OOOTT Ang Feeling Very Good Vagina A H
13
Q
The study of the structural, biochemial, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underline disease
A
Pathology
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Father of Medicine
Hippocrates
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Father of Cellular Pathology
Rudolf Virchow
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Father of Blood Transfusion (ABO)
Karl Landsteiner
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Father of Exfoliative Cytology
George Papanicolaou
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Father of Modern Anatomical Pathology
Giovanni Battista Morgagni
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Introduced Frozen Sectioning
Julius Conheim
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Introduced 4 Cardinal
signs/symptoms of Inflammation
Cornelius Celsus
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Study of the macroscopic manifestation of diseases in organs, tissues, and other body cavities
Gross Pathology
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Study of the microscopic study of the cells
Cellular Pathology
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Study of the broad study of pathology
General Pathology
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The study of the ultramicroscopic disease processes
Molecular Pathology
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Study of the examination of blood and other body samples for functional abnormalities.
Clinical Pathology
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Study of the changes in the tissues microscopically
Histopathology
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The study of the correlation of the diseases that affects our anatomy
Anatomic Pathology
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The sums total of changes in living tissue in response to an injurious agent
Inflammation
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It is the origin of the disease
Etiology
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The sequence of the events after the exposure of the cells from the offending factors
Pathogenesis
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The structural altearations that may be diagnostic of that disease
Morphologic changes
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The end result of the cellular or tissue exposure to the injurious agents that yields to the disease
Funtional Derangements and Clinical Manifestations
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It is an objective manifestation of the disease
| objective - nakikita / na aassess ng doctor
Signs
| e.g. darkening of skin
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It is a manifestation of the disease that is apparent to the patient
Symptoms
| fever
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Due to arteriolar and capillary dilation w/ increased rate of blood flow towards the site of injury and due to the conccentration of packing or red cells in the capillaries, causing increased viscosity and consequent slowing of blood flow
Calor
| aka Heat
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It is due to the transfer of internal heat to the surface or site on injury, brought about by increased blood content
Rubor
| aka. redness
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It is due to the increased capillary permeability, allowing extravasation of blood fluid causing localized edema accompanied by escape of blood cells into the injured area
Tumor
| aka. edema
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It is due to direct damage to the nerve ending ; pressure upon the sensory nerve by the exudate/tumor
Dolor
| aka. Pain
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It is caused by pain interference w/ nerve supply and destruction of the functioning units of the tissue or limitation of movement due to swelling. Can be adaptive mechanism by the body to preotect the injured area from further damage
Functio Laesa
| aka. Loss of function
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Incomplete or defective development of a tissue or an organ
Aplasia
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It is the complete non appearance of an organ
Agenesia
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Failure of an organ to achieve full mature size due to malformations etc.
Hypoplasia
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It is a failure to develop an opening
Atresia
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It is an acquired decrease of a normally developing tissue or organ which results to reduction in cell size/number
Atrophy
## Footnote
Physiologic - decrease size/number due to older age
Pathologic - decrease size/number due to disease
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Common causes of Atrophy
1. Atrophy of Disuse
2. Denervation atrophy
3. Diminished blood supply
4. Inadequate nutrition
5. Loss of endocrine stimulation
6. Pressure
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It is the increase of cell size
Hypertrophy
## Footnote
* True Hypertrophy - gym
* Pseudo Hypertrophy - cause by edematous fluid proliferation
* Compensatory Hypertrophy - kidneys (if one kidney is donated then the other compensates for the workload of the missing kidney)
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It is the increase in cell number
Hyperplasia
## Footnote
* Hyperplasia - when pregnant ( cells for breast for milk)
* Pathologic - like in typhoid fever (more cells in form of peyer's patches so more fluid)
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It is the transformation in one type of adult cell in to another
Metaplasia
| Reversible change
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It is a disordered growth which gives abnormal architecture and arrangement of cells
Dysplasia
| Reversible change
## Footnote
e.g. callus
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It is the differentiation of a cell that results to the loss of structural and functional differentiation
Anaplasia
| Irreversible change
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It is the new uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control
Neoplasia
| Irreversible change
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It is the death of a tissues/body
Necrosis
| "Gangrene"
## Footnote
Wet and Dry Gangrene
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Causes of Necrosis
1. Ischemia - loss of blood supply that leads to cell death due to the deprevation of oxygen and nutrients
2. Physical agents - extreme temp, mechanical traumas
3. Chemial agents - strong acids and alkalis
4. Biologic products - endotoxins, venom
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Programmed (Premature) cell death
Apoptosis
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Regulated (physiological) cell death
Necrobiosis
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Factor induced cell death
Necrosis
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Reduction in size and condensation of nuclear material
Pyknosis
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Segmentation and fragmentation of nucleus
Karyorrhexis
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Dissolution of the nucleus
Karyolysis
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May appear large and granular (cloudy swelling), becoming aidophili, dense and opaque
Cytoplasmic changes
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It is caused by intracellular enzymes. Most commonly encountered when **arterial supply** is cut off (**ischemic infarction)**
Coagulative necrosis
| Heart, Kidneys, Adrenal glands
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Rapid total enzymatic dissolution of cells with complete destruction of entire cell.
Liquefaction necrosis
| Most common in brain
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Peculiar destruction of adipose tissue. (commonly seen in pancreatic degeneration)
Fat necrosis
| Adipose tissue
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It is caused by turbicle bacillus. Destryoed cells are converted into a granular, friable mass, cheesy masses in appearance.
Caseous Necrosis
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Massive death of tissue caused by combination of ischemia and superimposed bacterial infection
Gangrenous necrosis
## Footnote
Wet and Dry gangrene
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Arterial occlusion producing ischemic necrosis and consequent desiccation or mummification. Less bacterial action is observed.
Dry Gangrene
| Not a real gangrene
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Venouse occlusion wherein bacterial infection supervenes in ischemic injury to the tissue causing putrefactive changes. Marked bacterial action is observed.
Wet gangrene
| Foul-odored fluid is observed
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First step in Machine Operation
Read the Manual
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3 Essential Parts of Microtome
1. Tissue Holder
2. Knife
3. Base/Body
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Who invented Rocking Microtome?
Trefall
| Ang rock na fafall
## Footnote
It is for cutting serial sections of large blocks of paraffin-embedded tissues
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Most commonly used for routine and research laboratories
Rotary (Minot) Microtome
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For cutting celloidin-embedded tissues
Sliding Microtome
| by Adams
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For cutting UNEMBEDDED frozen sections
Freezing Microtome
| invented by Queckett
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Fresh Tissue Microtomy
Cryostat/Cold Microtome
## Footnote
Microtome inside it is the Rotary Microtome
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Turn around time for Frozen section
15-30 minutes
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Size of ultra-thin blade
50-120 nm
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Size of Semi thin blade
0.5-1um
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Knife used for ultrathin microtome
Diamond or glass knife
| Disposable
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3 conventional knives and its sizes
1. Plane concave | 25mm
2. Plane-wedge | 100mm
3. Biconcave | 120mm
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Removal of gross nicks
Honing
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Direction of Honing
"H"eel to Toe
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Removal of burrs. Polishing and sharpening of cutting edge
Stropping
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Stropping direction
Toe to Heel
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Knife that is suitable for cryostat
Steel knives
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Knife used for trimming and semi-thin survey
Glass knives
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For cutting ultra-thin sections
Diamond knives
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Bevel Angle
27-32 deg
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Perfect and Optimum Cutting Angle
about 15deg
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Clearance Angle
5-10deg
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Pros of Automatic Tissue Processors
1. Saves time
2. Decreases human errors
3. Effective fluid circulation
58
It gives negative pressure inside an embedding oven
Vacuum Embedding Apparatus
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Temperature for water Bath
45-50 deg C
## Footnote
Approximately 6-10 deg C than the melting point of the wax used
60
Infiltration process of Paraffin oven
58 - 60 deg C for 2-4 hrs
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Drying process of Paraffin Oven
58-60 deg C for 15-20 mins
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Purpose of squirrel hair brush
to remove static electricity
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How to decrease static electricity in the Histopath Lab
Boil hot water and let it steam in the lab
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Slides that should be used in the Laboratory
Frosted Slide
| If no frosted then label using diamond pen
64
Simplest, least invasive test and uses the smalles needle to remove cells from the area of abnormality
FNAB
65
Removes not only ells but also a small amount of the surrounding tissue
Core needle biopsy
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Takes out even more surrounding tissue but only a portion not all
Incisional biopsy
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Removes the entire area
| Type of biopsy
Excisional biopsy
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Considered as the primary technique for obtaining diagnostic full-thickness skin specimen
Punch Biopsy
68
Small fragments of tissue are "shaved" from a surface
Shave biopsy
69
Tissues are scooped out from the body cavity such as endometrium or cervical canal
Curreting
70
When organ is still inside of the body but already clamped
Warm Ischemia
71
When tissue sample is removed from the patient's body before all metabolic processes are stopped
Cold Ischemia
72
The alteration of tissues by stabilizing protein so that the tissue becomes resistant to further changes
Fixation
72
Primary goal of fixation
Preserve the morphological and chemical integrity of the cell in as life-like manner as possible
72
Secondary aim of fixation
Harden and protect tissue from trauma form further handling, so that it is easier to cut during gross examination
73
Most important reaction in maintaining the morphology of the tissue
Stabilization of proteins
74
Factors involved in Fixation
* Volume of fixative 10-20 : 1
* pH (6-8 pH) neutral
* Temperature (RT is optimum "20deg C)
* Thickness of section (should not exceed 4mm)
* Osmolality (440-450 milliosmoles)
* Concentration (10% formalin most)
* Duration of Fixation (1 mm/Hr)
74
Most common error in tissue processing
Insufficient fixative to tissue ratio
74
Factors that enhances fixation
* Size n Thickness ( Smaller n thinner)
* Agitation
* Heat (37degC)
74
These factors retards Fixation
* Size and Thickness (Large and thicker)
* Presence of mucus, blood, fats
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