Histopath Flashcards
Pertains to personal and environmental health and safety
Risk Management and Laboratory Safety
If an unkown chemical was spilled in the lab, what should you do first.
Check the MSDS
First Step in Risk Management
Identifiaction of Hazard
SOP must be kept _ and at reach
Indefinitely
_ retraining/training of staff is a must
Annual
First Step in Safety Assurance
Identification of hazard
Health hazard the causes disease regardless of SOURCE
BIOHAZARD
Chemicals that causes REVERSIBLE inflammatory effects
Irritant
Chemicals that causes IRREVERSIBLE damage
Corrosives
Chemicals that causes ALLERGIC reactions
Sensitizers
Substances that induces growth of TUMORS / neoplasia
Carcinogens
Chloroform, formaldehyde, benzidine
Substances that are capable of causing DEATH
Toxic
Substances that Ignites AT or ABOVE FLASH POINTS
Combustibles
Flash points set by
OSHA | DOTr
38C (100F) | 60.5C (141F)
Substances that ignites BELOW the FLASH POINT
Flammable
Two criteria of storage area of flammable/combustible substances
- Well ventilated
- Away from Flames
Hazards that EXPLODES
Explosive
ex. Picric acid, Silver solutions
They are harmless alone but are combustible when in contact with others
Oxidizers
eg. Chromic acid, Mercuric oxide
Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary / Involuntary
Voluntary
with striations
Smooth Muscle
Voluntary / Involuntary
Voluntary
Cardiac Muscle
Voluntary / Involuntary
Involuntary
The 5 Connective Tissues
- Dense Connective Tissue
- Adipose C T
- Areolar C T
- Compact Bone C T
- Blood C T
Central Nervous System
“Cranial Nerves”
- Olfactory
- Optic
- Oculomotor
- Trochlear
- Trigeminal
- Abducens
- Facial
- Vestibulocochlear
- Glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
- Accessory (Spinal)
- Hypoglossal
Mnenomics : OOOTT Ang Feeling Very Good Vagina A H
The study of the structural, biochemial, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underline disease
Pathology
Father of Medicine
Hippocrates
Father of Cellular Pathology
Rudolf Virchow
Father of Blood Transfusion (ABO)
Karl Landsteiner
Father of Exfoliative Cytology
George Papanicolaou
Father of Modern Anatomical Pathology
Giovanni Battista Morgagni
Introduced Frozen Sectioning
Julius Conheim
Introduced 4 Cardinal
signs/symptoms of Inflammation
Cornelius Celsus
Study of the macroscopic manifestation of diseases in organs, tissues, and other body cavities
Gross Pathology
Study of the microscopic study of the cells
Cellular Pathology
Study of the broad study of pathology
General Pathology
The study of the ultramicroscopic disease processes
Molecular Pathology
Study of the examination of blood and other body samples for functional abnormalities.
Clinical Pathology
Study of the changes in the tissues microscopically
Histopathology
The study of the correlation of the diseases that affects our anatomy
Anatomic Pathology
The sums total of changes in living tissue in response to an injurious agent
Inflammation
It is the origin of the disease
Etiology
The sequence of the events after the exposure of the cells from the offending factors
Pathogenesis
The structural altearations that may be diagnostic of that disease
Morphologic changes
The end result of the cellular or tissue exposure to the injurious agents that yields to the disease
Funtional Derangements and Clinical Manifestations
It is an objective manifestation of the disease
objective - nakikita / na aassess ng doctor
Signs
e.g. darkening of skin
It is a manifestation of the disease that is apparent to the patient
Symptoms
fever
Due to arteriolar and capillary dilation w/ increased rate of blood flow towards the site of injury and due to the conccentration of packing or red cells in the capillaries, causing increased viscosity and consequent slowing of blood flow
Calor
aka Heat
It is due to the transfer of internal heat to the surface or site on injury, brought about by increased blood content
Rubor
aka. redness
It is due to the increased capillary permeability, allowing extravasation of blood fluid causing localized edema accompanied by escape of blood cells into the injured area
Tumor
aka. edema
It is due to direct damage to the nerve ending ; pressure upon the sensory nerve by the exudate/tumor
Dolor
aka. Pain
It is caused by pain interference w/ nerve supply and destruction of the functioning units of the tissue or limitation of movement due to swelling. Can be adaptive mechanism by the body to preotect the injured area from further damage
Functio Laesa
aka. Loss of function
Incomplete or defective development of a tissue or an organ
Aplasia
It is the complete non appearance of an organ
Agenesia
Failure of an organ to achieve full mature size due to malformations etc.
Hypoplasia
It is a failure to develop an opening
Atresia
It is an acquired decrease of a normally developing tissue or organ which results to reduction in cell size/number
Atrophy
Physiologic - decrease size/number due to older age
Pathologic - decrease size/number due to disease
Common causes of Atrophy
- Atrophy of Disuse
- Denervation atrophy
- Diminished blood supply
- Inadequate nutrition
- Loss of endocrine stimulation
- Pressure
It is the increase of cell size
Hypertrophy
- True Hypertrophy - gym
- Pseudo Hypertrophy - cause by edematous fluid proliferation
- Compensatory Hypertrophy - kidneys (if one kidney is donated then the other compensates for the workload of the missing kidney)
It is the increase in cell number
Hyperplasia
- Hyperplasia - when pregnant ( cells for breast for milk)
- Pathologic - like in typhoid fever (more cells in form of peyer’s patches so more fluid)
It is the transformation in one type of adult cell in to another
Metaplasia
Reversible change
It is a disordered growth which gives abnormal architecture and arrangement of cells
Dysplasia
Reversible change
e.g. callus
It is the differentiation of a cell that results to the loss of structural and functional differentiation
Anaplasia
Irreversible change
It is the new uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control
Neoplasia
Irreversible change
It is the death of a tissues/body
Necrosis
“Gangrene”
Wet and Dry Gangrene
Causes of Necrosis
- Ischemia - loss of blood supply that leads to cell death due to the deprevation of oxygen and nutrients
- Physical agents - extreme temp, mechanical traumas
- Chemial agents - strong acids and alkalis
- Biologic products - endotoxins, venom
Programmed (Premature) cell death
Apoptosis
Regulated (physiological) cell death
Necrobiosis
Factor induced cell death
Necrosis
Reduction in size and condensation of nuclear material
Pyknosis
Segmentation and fragmentation of nucleus
Karyorrhexis
Dissolution of the nucleus
Karyolysis
May appear large and granular (cloudy swelling), becoming aidophili, dense and opaque
Cytoplasmic changes
It is caused by intracellular enzymes. Most commonly encountered when arterial supply is cut off (ischemic infarction)
Coagulative necrosis
Heart, Kidneys, Adrenal glands
Rapid total enzymatic dissolution of cells with complete destruction of entire cell.
Liquefaction necrosis
Most common in brain
Peculiar destruction of adipose tissue. (commonly seen in pancreatic degeneration)
Fat necrosis
Adipose tissue
It is caused by turbicle bacillus. Destryoed cells are converted into a granular, friable mass, cheesy masses in appearance.
Caseous Necrosis
Massive death of tissue caused by combination of ischemia and superimposed bacterial infection
Gangrenous necrosis
Wet and Dry gangrene
Arterial occlusion producing ischemic necrosis and consequent desiccation or mummification. Less bacterial action is observed.
Dry Gangrene
Not a real gangrene
Venouse occlusion wherein bacterial infection supervenes in ischemic injury to the tissue causing putrefactive changes. Marked bacterial action is observed.
Wet gangrene
Foul-odored fluid is observed
First step in Machine Operation
Read the Manual
3 Essential Parts of Microtome
- Tissue Holder
- Knife
- Base/Body
Who invented Rocking Microtome?
Trefall
Ang rock na fafall
It is for cutting serial sections of large blocks of paraffin-embedded tissues
Most commonly used for routine and research laboratories
Rotary (Minot) Microtome
For cutting celloidin-embedded tissues
Sliding Microtome
by Adams
For cutting UNEMBEDDED frozen sections
Freezing Microtome
invented by Queckett
Fresh Tissue Microtomy
Cryostat/Cold Microtome
Microtome inside it is the Rotary Microtome
Turn around time for Frozen section
15-30 minutes
Size of ultra-thin blade
50-120 nm
Size of Semi thin blade
0.5-1um
Knife used for ultrathin microtome
Diamond or glass knife
Disposable
3 conventional knives and its sizes
- Plane concave | 25mm
- Plane-wedge | 100mm
- Biconcave | 120mm
Removal of gross nicks
Honing
Direction of Honing
“H”eel to Toe
Removal of burrs. Polishing and sharpening of cutting edge
Stropping
Stropping direction
Toe to Heel
Knife that is suitable for cryostat
Steel knives
Knife used for trimming and semi-thin survey
Glass knives
For cutting ultra-thin sections
Diamond knives
Bevel Angle
27-32 deg
Perfect and Optimum Cutting Angle
about 15deg
Clearance Angle
5-10deg
Pros of Automatic Tissue Processors
- Saves time
- Decreases human errors
- Effective fluid circulation
It gives negative pressure inside an embedding oven
Vacuum Embedding Apparatus
Temperature for water Bath
45-50 deg C
Approximately 6-10 deg C than the melting point of the wax used
Infiltration process of Paraffin oven
58 - 60 deg C for 2-4 hrs
Drying process of Paraffin Oven
58-60 deg C for 15-20 mins
Purpose of squirrel hair brush
to remove static electricity
How to decrease static electricity in the Histopath Lab
Boil hot water and let it steam in the lab
Slides that should be used in the Laboratory
Frosted Slide
If no frosted then label using diamond pen
Simplest, least invasive test and uses the smalles needle to remove cells from the area of abnormality
FNAB
Removes not only ells but also a small amount of the surrounding tissue
Core needle biopsy
Takes out even more surrounding tissue but only a portion not all
Incisional biopsy
Removes the entire area
Type of biopsy
Excisional biopsy
Considered as the primary technique for obtaining diagnostic full-thickness skin specimen
Punch Biopsy
Small fragments of tissue are “shaved” from a surface
Shave biopsy
Tissues are scooped out from the body cavity such as endometrium or cervical canal
Curreting
When organ is still inside of the body but already clamped
Warm Ischemia
When tissue sample is removed from the patient’s body before all metabolic processes are stopped
Cold Ischemia
The alteration of tissues by stabilizing protein so that the tissue becomes resistant to further changes
Fixation
Primary goal of fixation
Preserve the morphological and chemical integrity of the cell in as life-like manner as possible
Secondary aim of fixation
Harden and protect tissue from trauma form further handling, so that it is easier to cut during gross examination
Most important reaction in maintaining the morphology of the tissue
Stabilization of proteins
Factors involved in Fixation
- Volume of fixative 10-20 : 1
- pH (6-8 pH) neutral
- Temperature (RT is optimum “20deg C)
- Thickness of section (should not exceed 4mm)
- Osmolality (440-450 milliosmoles)
- Concentration (10% formalin most)
- Duration of Fixation (1 mm/Hr)
Most common error in tissue processing
Insufficient fixative to tissue ratio
Factors that enhances fixation
- Size n Thickness ( Smaller n thinner)
- Agitation
- Heat (37degC)
These factors retards Fixation
- Size and Thickness (Large and thicker)
- Presence of mucus, blood, fats
