Histology - Upper GI 2

Question 0

What is the area of the stomach just superior to the esophageal sphincter called?

Answer 0

Fundus

Question 1

What epithelial change signifies the transition of esophagus to stomach?

Answer 1

From stratified squamous to simple columnar

Question 2

What is the area of the stomach called that attaches to the esophagus?

Answer 2

Cardia (cardiac region)

Question 3

What is the stomach area just proximal to the duodenum called?

Answer 3

Pylorus

Question 4

What is a rugae?

Answer 4

Folds of stomach epithelial lining

Question 5

Where is the myenteric nerve plexus on the muscularis externa?

Answer 5

Between the middle and outer layers

Question 6

What are the three layers to the muscularis externa?

Answer 6

Inner oblique
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal

Question 7

Does the stomach have serosa or adventitia?

Answer 7

Serosa

Question 8

What are the valleys between gastric folds called?

Answer 8

Gastric pits

Question 9

What histological change marks the beginning of the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 9

Thickening of the muscularis externa

Question 10

What region of the gastric gland is most mitotically active?

Answer 10

Neck

Question 11

Where are the germinal cells of the gastric gland?

Answer 11

Isthmus

Question 12

Where are the secretory cells of the gastric gland?

Answer 12

Body

Question 13

What cells produce stomach acid?

Answer 13

Parietal cells

Question 14

What cells produce pepsinogen?

Answer 14

Zymogenic cells (Chief cells)

Question 15

What cells produce gastrin?

Answer 15

Diffuse neuroendocrine cells (DNES) called G cells

Question 16

What cells produce intrinsic factor?

Answer 16

Parietal cells

Question 17

Which glandular cells are more numerous near the luminal side of a gastric fold? Which are more numerous closer to the base?

Answer 17

At luminal side: Parietal cells

In the base: Chief cells

Question 18

What three hormones cause activation of parietal cells?

Answer 18

Histamine
Acetylcholine
Gastrin

Question 19

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

Answer 19

HCl

Question 20

What is different about DNES cells in terms of hormone secretion?

Answer 20

Secrete into basolateral side instead of luminal side

Question 21

What cell secretes secretin and where are they?

Answer 21

S cells

Small intestine

Question 22

What is the result of increased secretin secretion?

Answer 22

Pancreatic and biliary secretion of bicarb and water

Question 23

What is the result of increased gastrin secretion?

Answer 23

Stimulation of gastric acid secretion

Question 24

What cells secrete cholecystekinin and where are they?

Answer 24

I cells | In small intestine

Question 25

What is the result of increased cholecystekinin secretion?

Answer 25

Pancreatic enzyme secretion | Gall bladder contraction

Question 26

What cells distinguish the fundus from other gastric regions?

Answer 26

Parietal cells | Chief cells

Question 27

What cells distinguish the cardia from other gastric regions?

Answer 27

Just mucousal cells

Question 28

What cells distinguish the antrum from other gastric regions

Answer 28

Mucousal cells and G cells

Question 29

What are the plicae circulares?

Answer 29

Round folds in the small intestine

Question 30

What is the only portion of the duodenum with serosa?

Answer 30

Immediately after the pyloric sphincter

Question 31

What is the core of the plicae circulares?

Answer 31

submucosa

Question 32

What layers are in the muscularis externa in the small intestine?

Answer 32

Inner circular and outer longitudinal

Question 33

Which regions of the SI are covered by adventitia?

Answer 33

all areas which are retroperitoneal

Question 34

What secretory cells do you start to see in the small intestine?

Answer 34

Goblet cells

Question 35

What are paneth cells important for?

Answer 35

regulating the microbiome

Question 36

What is the core of an intestinal villi?

Answer 36

Lamina propria, NOT submucosa

Question 37

What structure is located where the villi come together?

Answer 37

Crypts of lieberkuhn

Question 38

If you see bruner's gland, where must you be?

Answer 38

Duodenum

Question 39

If you see a peyer's patch, where must you be?

Answer 39

Ileum

Question 40

What do Brunner's glands do?

Answer 40

Secrete alkaline mucous to neutralize acid

Question 41

What do peyer's patches do?

Answer 41

They are aggregates of lymph nodules | Provide plasma cells for IgA

Question 42

What is the role of M cells and where are they located?

Answer 42

Located above Peyer's patch | Transport antigens to underlying lymphatic tissue