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Histology > Histology of the skin > Flashcards

Histology of the skin Flashcards

1
Q

Which epidermal layer has hemidesmosomes?

A

Stratum basale

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2
Q

Which epidermal cell has neuroendocrine function?

A

Merkel cells

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3
Q

Which is responsible for finger prints?

A

Arrangement of dermal interdigitations

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4
Q

Which is more abundant in the papillary dermis?

A. Capillaries
B. Collagen
C. Elastin
D. Hair bulb

A

A

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5
Q 
What is true of the Pascinian corpuscle?
A. Mediated light touch
B. Found in basal epidermis
C. Closely approved to nerve ending
D. Central axon surrounded by concentric lamellae
A

D

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6
Q 
Which is more true for dark skinned than fair-skinned individuals?
A. More melanocytes
B. Larger and more melanosomes
C. Melanocytes in stratum 
D. More phomelanin than eumelanincorneum
D. More pheomelanin than eumelanin
A

B

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7
Q

What substance bind keratin filaments in to bundles?

A

Filaggrin

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8
Q

Secretion type of apocrine glands

A

Merocrine type of secrretion

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9
Q

Which skin layer will bleed vigorously when cut?

A

Hypodermis

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10
Q

Largest organ of the body

A

Skin

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11
Q

Histological thickness of the skin refers to which skin layer?

A

Epidermis

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12
Q

Anatomically thickest skin

A

Skin of the upper portion of the back

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13
Q

Which layer of the skin of the upper back is exceedingly thick?

A

Dermis

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14
Q

Epidermal layers

A

S. corneum, s. lucidum, s. granulosum, s. spinosum, s. basale

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15
Q

Skin layer with most differentiated cells

A

S. corneum

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16
Q

Stratum lucidum is said to be a subdivision of which layer?

A

S. corneum

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17
Q

Skin layer that determines thickness of skin

A

Epidermis/ s. corneum

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18
Q

Which epidermal layer contains flaggrin?

A

S. granulosum

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19
Q

Layer with keratinocytes filled with keratohyalin granules

A

S. granulosum

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20
Q

Keratohyalin granules are basophilic. T/F

A

T

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21
Q

Stratum basale has cuboidal or columnar cells. T/F

A

T

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22
Q

Keratinocytes of stratum basale attach to each other via these structures.

A

Desmosomes

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23
Q

Keratinocytes of stratum basale attach to the basement membrane via these structures

A

Hemidesmosomes

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24
Q

Keratinocytes of s. spinosum are bigger than those of s. basale. T/F

A

T

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25
Q

Stratum spinosum has desmosomes. T/F

A

T

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26
Q

Predominant cell type of the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes

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27
Q

Keratinocytes originate from this layer

A

S. basale

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28
Q

Langerhans cells are mainly in which layer?

A

S. spinosum

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29
Q

Langerhans cells are produced where?

A

Bone marrow

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30
Q

Langerhans cells attach to keratinocytes via desmosomes. T/F

A

F

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31
Q

Cells of the epidermis that are part of the mononuclear phagocytotic system (MPS)

A

Langerhans cells

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32
Q

Cells that produce melanin

A

Melanocytes

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33
Q

Melanocytes are scattered in this layer

A

S. basale

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34
Q

Epithelial cells that attach to keratinocytes via desmosomes

A

Merkel cells

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35
Q

Amino acid precursor of melanin

A

Tyrosine

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36
Q

Melanocytes contain more melanin than keratinocytes because melanocytes produce the melanin. T/F

A

F

Melanocytes contain less melanin than keratocytes because melanocytes transfer melanin to keratocytes.

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37
Q

Unit composed of melanocyte and associated keratinocytes

A

Epidermal-melanin unit

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38
Q

Melanocytes replicate throughout life. T/F

A

T

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39
Q

Melanocytes have desmosome-like structures near basal lamina. T/F

A

F

They have hemidesmosome-like structres.

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40
Q

Tactile cells of the epidermis

A

Merkel cells

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41
Q

Merkel cells are found in this epidermal layer

A

S. basale

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42
Q

Merkel cells are most abundant in the dermis. T/F

A

F

They are most abundant in the epidermis.

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43
Q

What makes free nerve endings “free”?

A

They lack a connective tissue or Schwann cell investment

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44
Q

Nerve supply for fine touch, heat, cold

A

Free nerve endings

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45
Q

Nerve supply for deep pressure and vibration

A

Pascinian corpuscles

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46
Q

Nerve supply for light touch

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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47
Q

Nerve supply for torque and stretching

A

Ruffini’s corpuscles

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48
Q

Nerve networks that surround hair follicles

A

Free nerve endings

49
Q

Most numerous neural receptors in the epidermis

A

Free nerve endings

50
Q

Location of Pascinian corpuscles in the skin

A

Deep dermis, hypodermis

51
Q

Location of Meissner’s corpuscles in the skin

A

Dermal papillae just beneath the epidermal basal membrane

52
Q

Simplest encapsulated mechanoreceptor

A

Ruffini’s corpuscles

53
Q

The interlocking protrusions that result in fingerprints

A

Epidermal rete/ridges and dermal papillae

54
Q

Layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

55
Q

Reticular layer is thicker and more cellular than the papillary layer. T/F

A

F

Reticular layer is thicker and less cellular.

56
Q

Collagen of reticular layer

A

Type I

57
Q

Collagen of papillary layer

A

Type I and III

58
Q

Skin incisions parallel to Langer lines heal with more scarring. T/F

A

F

They heal with less scarring

59
Q

Major energy site in the hypodermis

A

Panniculus adiposus

60
Q

Panniculus carnosus is largely vestigial in humans. T/F

A

T

61
Q

Segments of the hair follicle

A

Infundibulum, isthmus, inferior segment

62
Q

Germinative layer of the hair

A

Matrix

63
Q

Each hair follicle is a dermal invagination. T/F

A

F

Each is an epidermal invagination.

64
Q

The duct of the sebaceous glands opens into the hair follicle. T/F

A

T

65
Q

Type of secretion of sebaceous glands

A

Holocrine

66
Q

Passage formed when sebaceous duct gland joins the infundibulum

A

Pilosebaceous canal

67
Q

Sebaceous glands are outgrowths of the internal root sheath. T/F

A

F

They are outgrowths of the external root sheath.

68
Q

Types of cells in the eccrine sweat gland secretory portion

A

Clear cells, dark cells, myoepithelial cells

69
Q

Sweat glands associated with hair follicles

A

Apocrine sweat glands

70
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are most numerous in the soles of the feet. T/F

A

T

71
Q

The sweat glands are stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. T/F

A

T

72
Q

Two parts of sweat glands

A

Secretory portion, duct portion

73
Q

Type of secretion by apocrine sweat glands

A

Merocrine

74
Q

Type of cells of the eccrine sweat gland duct portion

A

Stratified cuboidal

75
Q

Cells that secrete the watery component of cells in the eccrine gland

A

Clear cells

76
Q

Type of cells of apocrine duct portion

A

Stratified cuboidal

77
Q

Type of cells of appocrine sweat gland secretory portion

A

Simple cuboidal

78
Q

Type of keratin with desquamation

A

Soft keratin

79
Q

Covering of nail root

A

Eponychium/ cuticle

80
Q

The epidermal attachment of the distal nail to the nail bed

A

Hyponichium

81
Q

Cresent-shaped white area near the root of the nail

A

Lunula

82
Q

Keratin which does not desquamate

A

Hard keratin

83
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells in the epidermis?

A

Langerhans cell

84
Q

What is true about the eccrine gland?

a. Hormonally stimulated
b. Opens to the hair follicle
c. Simple branched acinar gland
d. Most ubiquitous gland

A

D

85
Q

Which structure of the skin is a good epidermal cell reserve for epidermal regeneration when there is severe cellular damage (burns and wounds)?

a. Hair follicle
b. Blood Vessel
c. Nerve Bundles
d. Pacinian Corpuscle

A

A

Skin appendages are derived from invagination of epidermis during embryonic development. They are a good source of epidermal cells for regeneration after loss of epidermis. The hair follicle is an epidermal invagination.

86
Q

In which layer of the skin are allergens injected to test for reactions?

a. Epidermis
b. Dermis
c. Basement Membrane
d. Hypodermis

A

B

87
Q

Which is the path that is least resistant to the spread of skin infection?

a. Epidermis
b. Dermis
c. Hypodermis
d. Hair Follicle

A

C

88
Q

What is true about the Meissner’s corpuscle?

a. located in the deep dermis/hypodermis
b. large onion shaped structures
c. functions for touch

A

C

89
Q

What is responsible for preventing skin dehydration?

a. Sebum
b. Intracellular lipid
c. apocrine sweat gland
d. sweat

A

B

90
Q

What is the function of Glomus Bodies?

a. Pain receptor
b. thermoregulation

A

B

91
Q

Difference of anagen and telogen

a. Telogen located in deep dermis
b. Telogen has no outer root sheath
c. Telogen bulb is unpigmented, anagen bulb is pigmented

A

C

92
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the catagen phase?

a. Period of hair growth
b. Follows telogen phase
c. Lasts up to 3 months
d. Hair bulb is retracted

A

D

93
Q

Which of the following is true of the upper segment of the hair follicle?

a. It involutes during catagen phase
b. It is also known as the permanent segment
c. It contains the bulb and stem
d. It is responsible for hair shaft production

A

B

94
Q

Which of the following is true regarding physiologic hair loss?

a. Occurs during anagen
b. The hairs that fall off are of anagen phase
c. Hair fall occurs at the fronto-parietal region
d. There are 70 to 100 hairs that fall each day

A

D

95
Q

What is the function of the eccrine gland?

a. Thermoregulation
b. Production of pheromones
c. Empties directly into hair follicle
d. Found in large quantities especially around the trunk

A

A

96
Q

What is the character of eccrine sweat on the surface of the skin?

a. Isotonic
b. Hypertonic
c. Hypotonic

A

C

97
Q

What neurotransmitter is responsible for sweat production?

a. Noradrenaline
b. Acetylcholine
c. Serotonin
d. Dopamine

A

B

98
Q

Which stimuli induces itching?

a. Chemical
b. Mechanical
c. Temperature
d. All of the above

A

D

99
Q

What kind of fiber transmits histamine-induced pruritus?

A

C fiber

100
Q
  1. What is the master cell in wound healing?
    a. Lymphocyte
    b. Monocyte
    c. Neutrophil
    d. Eosinophil
A

B

Monocytes are the “master cells” because they are critical for the progression of wound healing. They phagocytose and kill bacteria and scavenge tissue debris.

101
Q

What is the major component of the late phase of wound healing?

a. Collagen
b. ECM
c. elastin fibers
d. lymphocytes

A

A

102
Q

Which is not true about tanning?

a. It serves to protect the skin from further skin damage
b. It is brought about by the production of new melanin
c. You cannot get a tan after 3pm
d. You get a sunburn before you get a tan

A

B

103
Q

Who among the following is more prone to sunburn?

a. 20 y.o. Canadian woman biking in Vietnam from 1-2pm
b. 10 y.o. Nigerian boating in a lake near his village from 1-2pm
c. 40 y.o. Swedish man hiking in a forest in the nearby mountains from 1-2pm
d. 13 y.o. Filipina in Boracay from 4-5pm

A

A

Caucasians are more prone to sunburn. Biking under the sun in a tropical country like Vietnam is a higher risk than hiking in a forest under the shade of tall trees.

104
Q

Adolescents in puberty have oily skin because of…

a. Surge in androgenic hormones
b. Improper use of creamy cosmetics
c. Emotional and Thermal Stress
d. washing of face does not become habitual

A

A

105
Q

Sebaceous glands activity…

a. continues until around age 40
b. are active prematurely in infants

A

A

106
Q

The lunula is important for waterproofing and protection of the proximal nail fold, and should not be removed or cut while having a manicure. T/F

A

F

It is the cuticle

107
Q

What part of the skin is responsible for waterproofing of the skin?

a. keratin
b. ceramide
c. filaggrin
d. collagen

A

B

The intercellular lipids in the epidermis, especially in the stratum corneum, are responsible for the waterproofing of the skin. These lipids are mainly ceramides and sphingolipids.

108
Q

What characteristic of keratinocytes increase as they mature?

a. height of the cells
b. basophilia
c. size of the nuclei
d. surface area of the cell

A

D

109
Q

What is the function of the product of the lamellar bodies?

a. binds keratin filaments together
b. cements squames together
c. binds cells to the basal lamina

A

B

The product of the lamellar bodies is the intercellular lipids.

110
Q

Which of the following structure is not innervated by the nervous system and but by endocrine regulation?

a. sebaceous glands
b. sweat glands
c. apocrine glands
d. hair follicle

A

A

All of these are innervated by the nervous system except for the sebaceous glands, which are under endocrine (androgenic) regulation.

111
Q

What layer provides rigidity and tensile strength to the skin?

a. epidermis
b. papillary dermis
c. reticular dermis
d. hypodermis

A

C

112
Q

Which is true of melanocytes?

a. attachment of desmosomes to adjacent keratinocytes
b. easily seen under light microscopy because of melanin granules
c. originates from bone marrow
d. highly dendritic cell located in basal layer

A

D

113
Q

Which skin structure is damaged during leprosy?

a. melanocyte
b. keratinocyte
c. nerve
d. hair follicle

A

C

114
Q

What is the structure directly beneath the lunula?

a. nail bed
b. cuticle
c. nail matrix
d. hyponychium

A

A

It is not the nail matrix because the lunula is part of the nail matrix. What lies beneath the nail matrix is the nail bed.

115
Q

Which of the following skin regions is prone to scarring due to a thick dermis?

a. palms
b. soles
c. back
d. scalp

A

C

116
Q

What is the cell responsible for immunity surveillance in the epidermis?

a. melanocyte
b. Langerhans cell
c. keratinocyte
d. Merkel cell

A

B

117
Q

Which of the following occurs in greater amount in the reticular layer than the papillary layer?

a. ground substance
b. capillaries
c. fibroblasts
d. collagen fibers

A

D

118
Q

What is true about the apocrine glands?

a. abundant at birth
b. opens into hair follicle
c. smaller than eccrine glands
d. functions for thermoregulation

A

B

Histology (3 decks)

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