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203: The endocrine system > Histology of the endocrine system > Flashcards

Histology of the endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine

Thyroid hormone, requires iodine for synthesis

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2
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine

Thyroid hormone
- Requires iodine for synthesis

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3
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Iodine is required for the synthesis of T3 and T4.
- Can be found in see salt.

Lack of iodine causes goitre, the enlargement of the thyroid.
- Allows more absorption of iodine.

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4
Q

Acidophils

A

Cells of the anterior pituitary that stain with acidic dyes.

- Appears pink

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5
Q

Basophils

A

Cells of the anterior pituitary stained with basic dye.

- Appears blue/purple

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6
Q

Chromophobes

A

Cells of the anterior pituitary that has no staining features.
- Appears greyish

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7
Q

Immunohistochemistry and anterior pituitary

A

Method of identifying what cell secretes specific hormones.

Antibodies are created to bind to specific hormones.
- Causing them to bind to cells secreting those hormones.

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8
Q

Cellular structure of endocrine glands

A

Contains cuboidal epithelial cells supported by myoepithelium
- Myoepithelium contains smooth muscle that contracts to secrete hormones.

Contains a lumen which hormones are secreted into.
- Except the pituitary and parathyroid gland.

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9
Q

Pituitary adenomas

  • Description
  • Manifestion
A

Benign neoplasm, mainly of the anterior pituitary cells.

Accounts for 10% of intracranial neoplasm.

If non-functional
- Causes pressure effects—> hypopituitarism

Function
- Secretes hormones—> Hyperpituitarism

Space occupying

  • Headaches
  • Vomiting
  • Diplopia + visual defects
  • Nausea
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10
Q

Thyroid gland histology

A

Composed of follicles
- C cells in-between

Abundant fenestrated endothelial cells in blood vessels.
- Allows the secretion of hormones into the blood.

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11
Q

C cells

A

Para-follicular cells of the thyroid.
- Secrete calcitonin into the blood.

Calcitonin decreases calcium levels in the blood.

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12
Q

Multi-nodular goitre

  • Description
  • Effects
  • Treatments
A

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the thyroid cells.
- Presents as euthyroid.

Can compress airway.

Treated via removal in thyroidectomy.

  • Removal can cause tracheomalacia as it weakens the airway
  • Can cause airway to collapse—> cardiac arrest.
  • Removal involves special care for CN X.
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13
Q

Grave’s disease

  • Presentation
  • Pathology
A

Hyperthyroidism
- Can present with diffuse enlargement of the thyroid—> Goitre.

Other manifestations

  • Infiltrative ophthalmology—> proptosis
  • Infiltrative dermopathy—> pre-tibial myxoedema.

Pathology

  • Increased vascularity
  • Soap bubble colloid due to hyperactivity.
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14
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

  • Cause
  • Biochemical presentation
  • Patholgy
A

Autoimmune condition that destroys thyroid cells and leads to fibrosis

Causes of hypothyroidism when iodine is readily available.

Will show increased TSH levels.
- Decreased T4/T3 levels.

Pathology

  • Lymphocytic infiltrate.
  • Thyroid atrophy.
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15
Q

Follicular adenoma

A

Type of benign thyroid neoplasm.

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16
Q

Papillary thyroid cancer

  • Description
  • Metastasis
A

Carcinoma of the thyroid

  • Accounts for most of the carcinomas
  • 75-85%

Has a high risk of lymphatic metastasis.

17
Q

Follicular thyroid cancer

  • Description
  • Metastasis
A

Carcinoma of the thyroid
- Accounts for 10-20% of thyroid carcinomas

High risk of metastasis to

  • Bone
  • Lung
  • Liver
18
Q

Medullar thyroid cancer

  • Description
  • Origin
A

Carcinoma of the thyroid.

  • C cell origin
  • Accounts for 5% of thyroid carcinomas
  • Associated with MEN syndrome (20%)
19
Q

Anaplastic thyroid cancer

A

Carcinoma of the thyroid

  • Mainly found in elderly patients
  • <5% of all thyroid carcinomas.
20
Q

MEN 2

- Cancers associated

A

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2

Associated with

  • Phaochromocytoma [adrenal medulla]
  • Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
  • Pituitary adenoma
21
Q

Parathyroid adenoma

A

Benign neoplasm of the parathyroid

Affects one gland

Causes hypercalcemia

22
Q

Parathyroid hyperplasia

A

Affects all four glands

Causes hypercalcemia

203: The endocrine system (23 decks)

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