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203: The endocrine system > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Location of the hypophysis

A

Encased in the sphenoid bone
- Sella turcica

Inferior to the hypothalamus
- Connected by the infundibulum

Posterior to the optic chiasm

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2
Q

Structure of hypophysis

A

Divided into
- Neurohypophysis, posterior–> Neural down-growth of the diencephalon

  • Adenohypophysis, anterior–> Outpouch of ectoderm, Rathke’s pouch (oral cavity)
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3
Q

Function of the hypophysis

A

Master gland

- Secretes hormones to to all glands, control their secretion.

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4
Q

Arterial supply to the hypophysis

A

Superior and Inferior hypophyseal artery
- From ICA

Superior supplies

  • Median eminence
  • Upper infundibulum

Inferior supplies

  • Neurohypophysis
  • Lower infundibulum

Arteries supplying the infundibulum and median eminence end as capillary plexus as the anastomose.

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5
Q

Venous drainage of the hypophysis

A

Portal system

Capillary plexus at the stalk ending and median eminence drain into portal veins.

  • Form secondary capillary plexus at the anterior pituitary.
  • Allows substances from the hypothalamus to reach the anterior pituitary.
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6
Q

Compare hormonal from neurotransmission

A

Hormonal—> Release of hormones

  • Much slower
  • Transported every in the body via circulatory system

Neurones–>Neural impulse, using neurotransmitters

  • Very fast (1-2ms)
  • Act locally from pre to postsynaptic neurones, microns apart
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7
Q

Thyroid location

A

Anterior to the trachea
- Lateral to thyroid cartilage

Recurrent laryngeal nerves passes deep to the posteromedial surface of the lobes.

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8
Q

Type of endocrine glands [3]

A

Discrete- separate and distinct. Only secretes hormones

  • Hypophysis
  • Thyroid and parathyroid
  • Adrenal

Larger glands- both exocrine and endocrine function

  • Pancreas
  • Kidney
  • Ovaries/ testes
  • Placenta

Diffuse neuroendocrine
- Nerve cells with endocrine function

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9
Q

Anatomy of thyroid

A

Two lobes joined by the isthmus

  • Covers 5-6 cartilage rings
  • Covers cricoid and lower cartilage
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10
Q

Arterial supply of the thyroid

A

Superior thyroid
- From external carotid

Inferior thyroid
- From thyrocervical trunk (subclavian)

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11
Q

Venous drainage of the thyroid gland

A

Plexus drains into the superior, middle and interior thyroid veins.

Thyroid veins drain into

  • Internal jugular (superior and middle)
  • Brachiocephalic (inferior)
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12
Q

Development of the thyroid

A

Endodermal origin

- From the floor of the pharynx, near the base of the tongue

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13
Q

Thyroid function

A

Release of thyroid hormones that regulate growth and development- T3, T4
- Under the control of TRH and TSH from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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14
Q

Cricothyrotomy

A

Incision in the cricothyroid membrane to establish patent airway.

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15
Q

Parathyroid location

A

Deep to the lateral lobes of the thyroid
- Posterior aspect of the thyroid capsule.

Can also be located elsewhere between the carotid bifurcation and the mediastinum.

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16
Q

Parathyroid origin

A

Third pharyngeal pouch
- inferior parathyroid

Fourth pharyngeal pouch
- Superior parathyroid

The pouches grow caudally towards the thymus to their adult positions.

17
Q

Anatomy of the parathyroid gland

A

2 pairs- 4 altogether

  • Superior and inferior
  • Very small- 40mg, size of the grain of rice.
18
Q

Arterial supply of the parathyroid

A

Mainly inferior thyroid artery
- From Thyrocervical trunk (subclavian)

Superior thyroid
- From external carotid

19
Q

Venous drainage of parathyroid

A

Superior, middle and thyroid veins

- Drains into Internal jugular and brachiocephalic

20
Q

Nervous supply of the parathyroid

A

Middle and inferior cervical ganglion.

21
Q

Function of the parathyroid

A

Composed predominantly of epithelial chief cells
- Secretes PTH

PTH regulates blood calcium and phosphate levels.

22
Q

Parathyroid implication of thyroidectomy

A

Parathyroid MUST be conserved
- Unless calcium and phosphate regulation is disrupted.

Leads to hypocalcaemia–> Tetanic contraction—> death.

23
Q

Adrenal gland location

A

Superior to kidneys

  • At T12 level
  • Retroperitoneal
24
Q

Adrenal gland gross anatomy

  • Shape
  • Layers
  • Size
A

Left gland—> Semilunar

Right gland—> Pyramidal

Layers

  • Outer capsule
  • Cortex
  • Medulla

Size
- 3.5-5g

25
Q

Adrenal gland orgin

A

Medulla—> Neural function
- Neural crest origin

Cortex—> Exocrine
- Mesodermal orgin

26
Q

Adrenal medulla function

A

Release of catecholamines
- NA and ADR from chromaffin cells

Cells act are modified sympathetic post-ganglionic

Release of catecholamines= fight or flight

  • Raised HR, BP
  • Relaxation of SM viscera.
27
Q

Adrenal cortex function

A

Release of adrenal corticosteroids and adrenal androgens

  • Glucocorticoids, from zona fasciculata—> Maintains blood glucose concentration
  • Mineralocorticoids, from zona glomerulosa—> Maintains Na+ levels

Secretion of hormones under the control of ACTH, RAS.

28
Q

Adrenal medulla ANS

A

Receives direct preganglionic fibres from the sympathetic trunk
- Allows fast fight-or-flight response

Impulse—>release of Ach–> Chromaffin cells—> Release of NA, ADR

Also receives post-ganglionic fibres from coeliac ganglion
- Supplies blood vessels that penetrates the cortex

29
Q

Arterial supply of the adrenal gland

A

Superior suprarenal artery
- From Inferior phrenic

Middle suprarenal
- From aorta

Inferior suprarenal
- From renal

Arteries branch before entering capsule

Cortex
- Arteries branch into subcapsular plexus—> sinusoids

Medulla
- Arteries pass through cortex, into medulla—> Cortical activity can influence medulla

30
Q

Venous drainage of the adrenal glands

A

Adrenal veins

  • Drain into IVC (R)
  • Drain into left renal vein (L)

203: The endocrine system (23 decks)

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