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MSK > Histology of Skin > Flashcards

Histology of Skin Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of skin

A

Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis

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2
Q

tissue type for epidermis; derivative embryology

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

ectoderm

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3
Q

Dermis (2 parts and tissue type of each); which is more cellular?

A

Papillary: loose connective tissue. more cellular

Reticular: dense irregular connective tissue (e.g. collagen type I, GAGs, elastin

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4
Q

Explain the ratio of stratum corneum to the rest of the epidermis in thick vs thin skin

A

thick skin: 1:1 (s. corneum to whole epidermis)

thin skin: <<1 : 1 (s. corneum to whole epidermis)

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5
Q

explain ratio of epidermis to dermis in thick vs thin skin

A

higher ratio of epidermis to dermis in thick skin relative to thin skin

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6
Q

thin skin found in ____ areas and thick skin found in ________

A

general areas for thin skin

thick skin is found in high abrasion areas like soles and palms

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7
Q

name layers of epidermis; give 2 words that summarize fxn/nature of each layer

A

Stratum Corneum: dead; barrier

Stratum Granulosum: keratohyalin; lipid

Stratum Spinosum: langerhans; desmosomes

Stratum Basale: M&M&M

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8
Q

crosslinked keratin filaments and proteins are crucial in this layer; name enzyme that xlinks proteins

A

stratum corneum; transglutimase

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9
Q

repeated use does what to epidermis?

A

repeated use causes the epidermis to become thicker

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10
Q

3 fxns of stratum corneum

A

dessication; pathogen; abrasion

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11
Q

stratum granulosum produces; also, what is a easy way to recognize stratum granulosum?

A

lipid and keratohyalin granules; lipids get released to stratum corneum and prevent dessication

most superficial layer of epidermis that has nuclei, flattened keratinocytes

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12
Q

name 3 facts about stratum spinosum

A
  1. lots of desmosomes b/w keratinocytes
  2. langerhans cells
  3. vitamin d synthesis (along with stratum basale)
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13
Q

describe adhesion jxns in stratum basale; list 3 fxns of stratum basale

A

adhesion: desmosome for cell-cell (cadherin-IF); hemidesmosome for cell-basal lamina (integrin-IF)

3 fxns:

Continual supply of keratinocytes so they can travel up and differentiate to replenish epidermal layers

melanin

vit D synthesis

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14
Q

the intermediate filaments for desmosome adhesion are made of; potential marker?

A

keratins (acidic and basic types); different keratin markers for different skin layers

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15
Q

where (layer and body location) and what are merkel cells?

A

stratum basale layer; hands and soles

fxn: They are associated with sensory nerve terminals and function in touch sensation.

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16
Q

psoriasis results in hyperproliferation of ____

A

keratinocytes

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17
Q

langerhans cell fxn and basic characteristics

A

mediate t cell immunity; allergic contact dermatitis; from bone marrow; no IFs

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18
Q

derivation of melanocytes; also, use the terms melanocyte, melanosome, and melanin in a sentence; name a disease assoc with melanocytes

A

neural crest cells; melanocytes produce melanin in melanosomes via the enzyme tyrosinase; vitiligo

19
Q

pemphigus vulgaris pathology in terms of adhesion

A

type II HS against desmosomes

20
Q

bullous pemphigoid pathology in terms of adhesion

A

Type II HS against hemidesmosomes

(autoantibody with BP antigen [BPAG1 (BP230) and BPAG2 (type XVII collagen)] in hemidesmosomes of basal keratinocytes)

21
Q

Staph SSS patho (adhesion)

A

exfoliative toxin A degrades desmoglein (a desmosomal cadherin)

22
Q

basis of skin color using terms like melanocytes and melanosomes and keratinocyte

A

everyone has same amount of melanocyte; skin color differences are due to differences in number, size, distribution, and stability of melanosomes that get made by melanocytes and transferred to keratinocytes. In darker skin, melanosomes can be found in stratum spinosum

23
Q

cell division ceases in which layer?

A

stratum spinosum

24
Q

fxns of melanin and response to uv light

A

Melanin will protect the DNA of the mitotic keratinocytes from UV light damage; melanin production ramps up in response to uv light

25
Q

why dont need melanin higher up?

A

bc division stops in spinosum

26
Q

cell types in dermis (which layer of dermis and what types of cells)

A

papillary layer;

Fibroblasts(mainly)

Mast cells

Macrophages

27
Q

vascular and sensory structures in papillary dermis and reticular dermis

A
  1. papillary dermis contains the meissners corpuscles: mechanoreceptors for touch; vascular: Papillary (superficial) plexus at jxn of papillary and reticular dermis provide thermoreg and nutrient
  2. reticular dermis not very cellular. dense irreg connective tissue; vascular: Cutaneous (deep dermal) plexus at junction of hypodermis and reticular dermis provides nourishment and thermoregulation
28
Q

3 major fxns of dermal papillae

A
  1. hold epidermis in tight contact with the dermis
  2. blood circulation to get as close as possible to the epidermal keratinocytes (keratinized epithelial cells) + thermoregulation
  3. Allows the Meissner’s touch corpuscles to come as close as possible to the surface of the skin
29
Q

fxn of arteriovenous anastomoses in dermis

A

can send blood directly from the arterioles to venules in order to bypass papillary capillaries to reduce heat loss.

30
Q

composition of hypodermis (superficial fascia) (4 things, one of which is loose connective tissue)

A

loose connective tissue, adipose cells, blood vessels of the skin, epidermal appendages (sweat glands and hair follicles) extend into region

31
Q

Eccrine sweat gland mechanism of secretion

A

eccrine (merocrine)

secretions excreted via exocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and thence onto a bodily surface or into the lumen.

32
Q

eccrine sweat gland location and fxn

A

deep dermis or hypodermis throughout the body; evaporative cooling primarily

33
Q

components of eccrine sweat gland (two parts, one part has 3 subsections)

A
  1. secretory portion which has subsections of:
  2. Dark cells have RER and secretory granules; produce glycoproteins including bacteriocidal agents
  3. Clear cells contain glycogen and release water and electrolytes
  4. Myoepithelial cells (scalloped in shape and highly eosinophilic) have contractile activity and constricts the gland in response to cholinergic stimulation. Secretion is controlled by heat stress and emotional state. 2. duct portion: dark staining stratified cuboidal epithelium (2 layers); resorbs electrolytes from sweat
34
Q

describe location and basic structure of apocrine glands and general contents they release

A

axillary and anogenital region; simple tubular glands; secrete ferric ions, carbs, protein, acted on by bacteria

35
Q

sweat type of gland that starts fxn at puberty

A

apocrine

36
Q

secretion modality of apocrine gland

A

merocrine

37
Q

pilosebacious gland is composed of:

A

a hair, its follicle, an associated sebaceous gland and arrector pilli muscle

38
Q

hair is composed of

A

dead epidermal cells that have undergone modified keratinization highly xlinked with disulfide bonds

39
Q

describe location of hair root, connective tissue sheath, growing hair, hair bulb, and dermal papilla; nature of hair root, hair bulb, and dermal papilla

A

hair root: epithelial cells

hair bulb: rapidly dividing cells that form either hair or root sheath

dermal papilla: allows capillaries to supply the rapidly dividing epithelial cells.

40
Q

pacinian corpuscles location and fxn

A

In deep dermis + hypodermis

Sense pressure and vibration

41
Q

sebaceous glands mode of secretion, fxn of sebum, and appearance of gland histologically

A

holocrine secretion of sebum (waxy/lipid)

fxn of sebum: protective agent to maintain skin texture and hair flexibility

gland: saclike acini. duct: stratified squam epith

42
Q

where are meissner’s corpuscles located?

A

papilla of dermis

43
Q

free nerve endings can innervate (2 structures/locations)

A

hair follicles and epidermis

44
Q
A

MSK (9 decks)

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