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Endocrine And Reproductive System Class > Histology Of Male Reproduction Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Histology Of Male Reproduction Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the parenchyma of the Testes consist of?

A 
Testes
 Parenchyma
 Seminiferous tubules
(Seminiferous epithelium)
 Interstitium: Interstitial cells ( Leydig cells)
 Intratesticular duct
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2
Q

What are the excurrent ducts?

A 
Excurrent ducts (see
DLA)
1. Efferent ducts
2. Duct of the
Epididymis
3. Ductus deferens
4. Ejaculatory ducts
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3
Q

What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A

Accessory glands
 Seminal vesicles
 Prostate gland
 Bulbourethral glands

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4
Q

What are the penis erectile tissues?

A

Corpus cavernosum

Corpus spongiosum

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5
Q

What are the parts of the urethra?

A

Urethra
 Prostatic
 Membranous
 Penile (spongy)

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6
Q

What do the Testes develop from?

A

Testes develop from:
 Intermediate mesoderm→ Leydig & and myoid cells
 Coelomic mesoderm (mesothelium) → Sertoli cells
 Germ cells→ from umbilical vesicle (yolk sac)
The testes then descends

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7
Q

Summarize testicular trans abdominal descent

A
  1. Retroperitoneal
  2. Through inguinal canal
  3. To scrotum
    • Processus vaginalis
    • Evagination of peritoneal cavity and membrane
    • Forms the tunica vaginalis
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8
Q

Why Testes are located outside the body?

A

Why testes are located outside the body?
Structure (from outside in)
1. Tunicavaginalis:(peritoneum)
2. Tunicaalbuginea:Denseirregular connective tissue capsule, with Inner loose connective tissue Tunica Vasculosa (Blood vessels).
3.Testicular Lobules
Each lobule contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

Whaat are the tubes of the Testes ?

A

Seminiferous tubules → straight tubule → rete testis “ in the mediastinum testis” → efferent ductules → epididymis.

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9
Q

Whaat are the tubes of the Testes ?

A

Seminiferous tubules → straight tubule → rete testis “ in the mediastinum testis” → efferent ductules → epididymis.

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the testicular lobes

A 
Structure of testicular lobes
1.Seminiferous tubules (ST)
 External layer (lamina propria)
       -3-5 layers of contractile myoid cells (M)→Peristaltic contraction
- Lined by seminiferous epithelium 
 Spermatogenic cells
 Sertoli cells
2. Straight tubules
3. Stroma: Interstitial (Leydig) cells
(IC)
4. Rete testis
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11
Q

Summarize spermatogenesis

A 
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonial Phase: Mitosis Spermatogonia (2n,2d)
 Type A dark = reserve stem cells.  Type A pale = renewing stem cells.
 Type B. Spermatocyte phase: Meiosis
2. Spermatocyte phase: meiosis
 Primary spermatocyte (2n, 4d) 
     Undergoes Meiosis I
 Secondary spermatocyte (1n, 2d)
    undergoes Meiosis II 
3. Spermatid phase “Spermiogenesis”:
(remodeling & maturation)
Spermatid (1n, 1d)→ spermatozoa (1n, 1d)
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12
Q

What are the functions of seminiferous epithelium?

A 
Seminiferous Epithelium
Spermatogenic cells
 Spermatogonia = Oval nuclei
 Primary spermatocytes = largest and most abundant.
 Secondary spermatocytes = rarely seen.
 Spermatids = Small oval shape
 Spermatozoa = Elongated
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13
Q

Describe the structure of spermatozoa

A 
Spermatozoa
 Head
Acrosomal cap→ contain acrosomal enzymes→ (Hyaluronidase, Neuraminidase)
 Tail (Flagellum)
1. Neck
2. Middle piece “Mitochondria”
3. Principal piece
4. End piece
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14
Q

What are Sertoli cells?

A

Columnar cells with elongated, pale nuclei and prominent nucleolus
 Sertoli cells are supporting (sustentacular) cells
 Form the blood-testis barrier
 Secrete inhibin
Hormone that inhibits FSH secretion
 Secrete androgen-binding protein Binds testosterone to keep
concentration high.
 Secrete müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS)

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15
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Condition when testes do not descend into the scrotum
 1% full-term infants
 30% premature infants
 Most (80%) will descend spontaneously during the first year of life
 Untreated & bilateral results in sterility
 30-50x greater risk of testicular cancer

16
Q

Describe the histopathology of cryptorchidism

A 
Histopathology:
 Thickened basement
membrane
 Narrow seminiferous tubule
 Most tubules have only Sertoli cells and no spermatogonia
17
Q

Describe the structure of leydig cells

A 
Interstitial cells (located in spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules)
• Large, eosinophilic cells with small, round nucleus and numerous lipid droplets
18
Q

What is the function of leydig cells?

A

Function (Secrete testosterone):
• Embryo testis development
• Puberty (Spermatogenesis, accessory gland secretion, secondary sex characteristics)

19
Q

Describe the hormonal control of the Testes

A

Hypothalamus
 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

 Anterior Pituitary
 Luteinizing hormone (LH)
 StimulatesLeydigcellstosecretetestosterone
 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
 Stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete androgen-binding protein
 Leydig cells
 Testosterone
 Sertoli cells
 Androgen-binding protein (ABP)
 Bindstestosteronetokeepconcentrationhigh
 Inhibin
 HormonethatinhibitsFSHsecretion

20
Q

What are the Two general types of testicular tumors?

A

Germ cell (95% in post-pubertal males), malignant

Sex cord( uncommon, benign)

21
Q

What are the types of sex cord tumors?

A

Sertoli cells

Leydig cells- typically secrete androgens. May secrete androgens & estrogens or even corticosteroids in some cases

22
Q

What are the types of germ cell tumors?

A

Seminoma

Non-seminoma

23
Q

What are the types of Non seminoma tumors?

A
  1. Yolk sac: below 3 years
  2. Embryonic carcinoma
  3. Teratoma
  4. Choriocarcinoma
24
Q

What are the types of Seminoma tumors?

A
  • Classical:
    • 50% germ cell tumors
    • 30-45 years
    • Malignant—> lymphatic spread
  • Spermatocyte:
    • rare, men above 65. Yrs
25
Q

Describe the macro type of classical seminoma

A

Large, round, polyhedral with distinct membrane

 Creamy white & homogenous

26
Q

Describe the micro type of classical seminoma

A

Sheets of uniform polygonal cells with distinct cells borders, clear cytoplasm, round nuclei, prominent nucleoli

-Poorly divided lobules with fibrous septa & lymphocyte infiltration

27
Q

Explain the functions of seminal vesicles

A

Seminal vesicles
 Paired glands posterior to bladder
 Duct joins ampulla of ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
 Secrete a whitish yellow, alkaline, viscous fluid
 Fructose
 ATP production by sperm
 Prostaglandins

 Produce about 60% of volume of semen

28
Q

Describe the seminal vesicles structure

A

Fibrous coat

 Smooth muscle
 Indistinct inner circular layer & outer longitudinal layer
 Mucosa forms
numerous arches/folds (arrows in H&E x20/x30)

 However, there is only
one lumen which is tortuous & tubular

29
Q

Describe the mucosa of the seminal vesicle

A

Mucosa :
 Pseudostratified epithelium

 Columnar cells → secretory profiles
 Basal cells (arrows in H&E x500)

30
Q

Describe the structure of the prostate

A

Prostate
 Single gland inferior to bladder
 Typically the size of a golf ball or walnut
 Surrounds the prostatic urethra and ejaculatory duct

31
Q

What are the functions of the prostate?

A 
Secretes a clear, slightly alkaline fluid into the prostatic urethra
 Citric acid
       (a nutrient for sperm)
 Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 
       Serine protease
       Biomarker
 Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)
        Regulates cell growth & metabolism 
 Seminal plasmin
      Antibiotic 
 Fibrolysin
     Liquefies semen
 Produces about 25% of volume of semen

Testosterone converted to
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
 5α-reductase
 DHT stimulates growth of epithelium & fibromuscular stroma

32
Q

Describe the histology of the prostate gland

A 
30-50 tubuloalveolar glands
 3 concentric layers
1. Inner mucosal layer
      Secretedirectlyintourethra
2. Intermediate submucosal layer
      Secreteviaducts
3. Peripheral layer contains main glands
      Secrete. via ducts
 Glandular epithelium
      Simple columnar to pseudostratified 
 Prostatic concretions
     Corpora amylacea
33
Q

What are the histological zones of the prostate gland?

A

Glandular tissue organized in histological zones:
1.Central zone: Surrounds ejaculatory ducts 25% glandular tissue
2.Peripheral zone: Surrounds central zone
Occupies posterior & lateral region of the gland
70% glandular tissue
Clinical correlation: Most prostatic carcinomas arise from peripheral zone
3.Transition zone Surrounds prostatic urethra
5% glandular tissue (Mucosal glands)
Clinical correlation: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Parenchyma hyperplasia forms nodules
Anterior fibromuscular stroma
Dense irregular connective tissue w/ smooth muscle
Note: Histological zones are different than anatomical zones. Pawlina text also lists a periurethral zone .

34
Q

Explain benign prostatic hyperplasia

A 
Proliferation of glandular epithelium
     Hyperplasia
     DHT acts on epithelium & stroma
 Results in formation of numerous nodules
    Compression of the prostatic urethra 
        Weak urination
        Difficulty starting & stopping
        Urge or feeling to urinate 
 Enlarged prostate gland
 Relatively common in men by age 80
35
Q

Describe adenocarcinoma of prostate

A 
Most common form of cancer in men
 Typically affects men over 50 years
 May spread via lymphatics
 Macro
     Arises in peripheral zone in ~70% of cases

Micro
 Well-defined glandular
pattern
 Small, round glands crowded
Robbins between larger glands 9th
 Dark cytoplasm, enlarged nuclei, prominent nucleoli
 Lack a basal layer and overcrowded

36
Q

Describe the bulbourethral glands

A

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)

   Paired glands inferior to prostate on either side of the membranous urethra
         Ducts open into the penile (spongy) urethra  Secrete clear, mucus-like fluid into the penile urethra
 Preseminal fluid
37
Q

Describe the anatomy and histology of the bulbourethral glands

A

Located in urogenital diaphragm

Compound tubuloalveolar glands

Ducts merge & empty into penile urethra

 Glandular epithelium
 Simple columnar epithelium
 Clear mucus secretion
 Preseminal fluid

Endocrine And Reproductive System Class (36 decks)

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