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GIGU > Histology of Esophagus & Stomach > Flashcards

Histology of Esophagus & Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four layers (lumen to superficial) of the GI tract?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa (intraperitoneal) or adventitia (retroperitoneal)
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2
Q

From region to region, throughout the GI tract, which layer differs the most?

A

mucosa

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3
Q

What are the three components (lumen to superficial) of the mucosa layer?

A
  • lining epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • -vascularized loose CT; contains lymphatic nodules
  • muscularis mucosae
  • -thin layer of muscle that controls mucus glands
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4
Q

What are characteristics of the submucosa layer of the GI tract?

A
  • dense irregular CT
  • neurovasculature and lymphatics
  • glands may be present (esophagus and duodenum)
  • contains submucosal plexus of Meissner
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5
Q

What are characteristics of the muscularis externa?

A
  • two layers of muscle: inner circular and outer longitudinal
  • myenteric plexus of Auerbach located b/w the two muscle layers
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the serosa or adventitia?

A
  • serosa: on intraperitoneal organs; mesothelium

- adventitia: on retroperitoneal organs; no mesothelium

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the mucosa of the esophagus?

A
  • nonkeratinized stratified squamous
  • numerous folds (into the submucosa)
  • muscularis mucosae only present in lower segment
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of the submucosa in the esophagus?

A
  • collagen and elastin fibers
  • contain many small blood vessels

-has a venous plexus that drains to both systemic and portal systems

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the muscularis externa in the esophagus?

A

upper third = skeletal muscle
middle third = skeletal and smooth muscle
lower third = smooth muscle

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10
Q

Does the esophagus have serosa or adventitia?

A

BOTH!

thoracic esophagus = adventitia
abdominal esophagus = serosa

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11
Q

What are characteristics of the mucosa layer of the stomach?

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • lamina propria contains glands
  • reticular and collagen fibers predominate
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12
Q

What are characteristics of the submucosa of the stomach?

A
  • collagen and elastin fibers
  • arterioles, venous plexus, lymphatics present
  • submucosal nerve plexus of Meissner
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13
Q

What are characteristics of the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A
  • three layers
  • -oblique, circular, and longitudinal

-circular muscle thickens in the pyloric region to form the pyloric sphincter

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14
Q

Does the stomach have serosa or adventitia?

A

serosa

-loose CT w/ vasculature

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15
Q

What are the two parts of the enteric nervous system?

A

submucosal plexus
–gland secretion and local blood flow
myenteric plexus
–GI mvmts

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16
Q

What is the parasympathetic control to the esophagus?

A

CN X

17
Q

What is the sympathetic control to the esophagus?

A

cervical and thoracic spinal nerves

-postsynaptic fibers feed into the esophageal plexus

18
Q

What is the parasympathetic control to the stomach?

A

CN X

19
Q

What is the sympathetic control to the stomach?

A

thoracic spinal nerves (T6-T9)

  • form greater splanchnic N.
  • feeds into the celiac plexus
20
Q

Clinical Correlation: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

-causes chronic inflammation, ulceration, and difficulty swallowing d/t reflux of gastric contents

21
Q

Clinical Correlation: Barrett’s Esophagus

A

-if GERD is chronic, the epithelium of the esophagus (near gastroesophageal junction) changes from nonkeratinized stratified squamous to simple columnar (more like stomach) d/t constant exposure to gastric juice

22
Q

What are the four parts of the stomach?

A

cardia
fundus
body
pyloric antrum

23
Q

What are the characteristics of the cardia of the stomach?

A
  • 2-3 cm near the esophageal opening

- primarily involved in mucus production

24
Q

What are the characteristics of the fundus of the stomach?

A
  • projects to the left of the cardia

- site of gastric glands releasing acidic gastric juice

25
Q

What are the characteristics of the body of the stomach?

A
  • extensive central region

- sites of gastric glands releasing acidic gastric juice

26
Q

What are the characteristics of the pyloric antrum?

A
  • funnel-shaped region that opens into the small intestine

- primarily involved in mucus production

27
Q

What are the characteristics of the cardiac glands of the stomach?

A
  • tubular, coiled, and somewhat branched
  • lined w/ mucus-secreting cells

Hallmark: appear circular and oblique in histo slides

28
Q

What are characteristics of fundic glands of the stomach?

A
  • tubuar, simple, and branched
  • consist of gastric pit, isthmus/neck, and a gastric gland

-lined w/ mucus cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and G cells

29
Q

What are the characteristics of pyloric glands in the stomach?

A
  • tubular, coiled, and branched
  • pits take up 1/2 the thickness of the mucosa layer
  • lined by mucus-secreting cells
  • contain lymphoid nodules in lamina propria
30
Q

What are the characteristics of the mucus cells?

A
  • round nuclei and apical secretory granules
  • 95 percent water, 5 percent mucin
  • forms insoluble gel that lines the mucosa
  • -thick coating neutralizes pH of microenvironment
31
Q

What are the characteristics of the chief cells?

A

-predominantly in inferior regions of gastric glands
Hallmark: abundant RER and apical zymogen granules
-secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase

32
Q

What are the characteristics of parietal cells?

A
  • predominantly in neck and upper part of gastric glands
  • produce HCl and IF

Hallmark: large round nucleus centrally located; cytoplasm stained more red d/t lots of mitochondria

33
Q

What is characteristic about the plasma membrane of parietal cells?

A
  • when active, they have deep invaginations of the plasma membrane called intracellular canaliculi
  • they have a large surface area d/t thousands of microvilli
34
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells in the stomach secrete?

A
  • somatostatin
  • ghrelin
  • VIP
  • gastrin
35
Q

What are the characteristics of stem cells in the stomach?

A
  • found in the isthmus b/w gastric pits and glands

- pleuripotent = produce progenitor cells for all the other epithelial cells

GIGU (9 decks)

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