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COM-GI > Histology of Esophagus and Stomach > Flashcards

Histology of Esophagus and Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

4 layers of the GI tract

A

Musosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa/adventitia

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2
Q

3 contents of mucosa (innermost layer of GI tract)

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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3
Q

2 types of epithelium (innermost layer of mucosa) w/in GI tract

Where is each found?

A

Stratified squamous - oral, esophagus, anus

Simple columnar - stomach to rectum

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4
Q

Function of epithelium (simple columnar) w/in the GI tract mucosa

A

Permeability barrier, absorption, hormone production

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5
Q

What is superficial to epithelia w/in mucosa?

Contents?

A

Lamina propria

Loose CT, immune cells, Peyer’s patches/GALT

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6
Q

Function of the immune cells and Peyer’s Patches/GALT w/in the lamina propria of the GI mucosa?

A

Fight off ingested pathogens

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7
Q

Layer superficial to lamina propria w/in mucosa

Function?

A

Muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

Increase S.A. by churning, helping w/ motility, etc.

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8
Q

Layer superficial to mucosa w/in GI wall

Contents?

A

Submucosa

Dense irregular CT, large BV’s, lymph, nerves, glands

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9
Q

What are villi?

Where are they seen?

Function?

A

Projections of ONLY mucosa into the lumen

Off of rugae and plicae in the stomach and SI

Increase absorptive capacity/S.A.

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10
Q

What are rugae and plicae?

Have what on them?

A

Extensions of mucosa AND submucosa into the lumen

Microvilli on the surface

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11
Q

Layer of GI wall superficial to submucosa

Layers of that?

A

Muscularis externa

Longitudinal (outer) layer
Circular (inner) layer

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12
Q

Actions of longitudinal and circular mm. w/in the muscularis externa

A

L: reduce tube length

C: reduce lumen diameter

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13
Q

Outermost layer of GI wall, outside of muscularis externa

Which organs have which types?

A

Adventitia - outside peritoneal cavity

Serosa - inside peritoneal cavity

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14
Q

Function of adventitia

Contents?

A

Binds structure to body wall

Loose CT, blood vessels, nerves

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15
Q

Contents of serosa

A

Loose CT, simple squamous epithelium, BVs, nn., adipose

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16
Q

2 types of innervation of the GI tract

A

Extrinsic (ANS)

Intrinsic (enteric plexuses)

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17
Q

Overall result of extrinsic sympathetic innervation of gut tube

A

Decrease motility and secretions

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18
Q

Overall result of extrinsic parasympathetic innervation of gut tube

A

Increase motility and secretions

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19
Q

Functions of intrinsic innervations of gut tube

A

Peristaltic contractions, secretions, churning, etc.

20
Q

Mucosal epithelium in esophagus

Purpose

A

Stratified squamous

Friction-resistant, non-absorptive

21
Q

Function of the smooth muscle in esophagus

What other layer helps with this?

A

Remains relaxed such that relaxation after distention by food bolus will help push food down

Lamina propria - elastic CT for returning tube to normal shape

22
Q

Main glands in esophagus

Why?

A

Mucus glands

Aid in digestion once reaches stomach

23
Q

What changes in the gastroesophageal junction?

A

Mucosal epithelium - becomes simple columnar w/ more glands for secretions

24
Q

Extra glands at the G-E junction?

A

Cardiac glands - extra mucus glands w/in lamina propria for additional help w/ digestion

25
Q

Esophageal varices

Risk?

A

Increased liver pressure cause blood back-up in portal-caval system

Veins of esophagus dilate and bulge into esophagus

Can break and bleed w/ eating

26
Q

How does muscularis externa change along the esophagus?

A

Upper 1/3 = skeletal and voluntary

Lower 1/3 = smooth and involuntary

27
Q

Causes of GERD

Worst consequence of it?

Risk of what?

A

Esophagitis, fibrosis at LES, etc.

Barrett’s esophagus - changed epithelia to simple columnar

Esophageal cancer

28
Q

2 functions of stomach

A

Homogenize food

Chemically process food

29
Q

How does the stomach protect itself from acid degradation, etc.?

A

Has a protective layer of mucus for that

30
Q

Where are gastric glands located w/in the walls?

5 cell types in gastric glands

A

W/in gastric pits

Mucus neck cells, chief (peptic) cells, parietal cells, stem cells, gastroentero-endocrine cells

31
Q

Describe the structure of a gastric gland

A

A hole w/ “pit” cells at top, “neck” cells in middle, and “body” cells at bottom

32
Q

Function of mucus cells

A

Produce mucins for the protective mucus layer and to trap bicarb ions, as well as aid in digestion

33
Q

Function of chief cells

Stimulated by what?

A

Make pepsinogen for protein digestion

Chewing and swallowing, as well as by secretin from GEE cells

34
Q

Function of parietal cells

What does it need to work?

A

Secrete HCl and IF

H+/K+ ATP-ase to pump out protons that join w/ Cl-

35
Q

Autoimmune gastritis

A

Auto-antibodies made against the H+/K+ ATPase of parietal cells

Causes decreased HCl and IF secretion, thus B12 deficiency –> pernicious anemia

36
Q

What stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl?

A

ACh causes gastrin release from enteroendorcine cells

Gastrin stimulates the parietal cells

37
Q

Helicobacter pylori

How is it controlled?

Can cause what?

A

Bacteria that can live in very acidic environment of stomach

Mucus blanket keeps them in certain locations

Peptic ulcers

38
Q

Functions of gasteroentero-endocrine cells

A

Produce 6 peptide hormones

Regulate H2O, electolytes, enzyme secretions, motility, pH

39
Q

6 peptide hormones released by GEE cells

A

Secretin, gastrin, CCK, GIP, motilin, ghrelin

40
Q

Location and function of secretin

Ultimately to do what?

A

Duodenum

Stimulate bicarb. and fluid release (mucus cells), stimulate pepsinogen release (chief cells), inhibit gastrin release (other GEE cells)

Control gastric acid secretion and regulate pH

41
Q

Location, cell type, functions of gastrin

In response to what?

A

Pylorus
G-cells

Stimulate HCl production (parietal cells)

Activate CCK for gallbladder contraction for bile release

In response to food present or on its way

42
Q

Location and functions of CCK

Induced by what?

A

Duodenum

GB contraction, sphincter of Oddi relaxation

Fat-rich food in duodenum

43
Q

Location and function of GIP

Induced by what?

A

Duodenum

Insulin release

When glucose detected in S.I.

44
Q

Function of motilin

When is it released?

A

GI motility

Every 90 minutes during fasting, uses neural control mechanism for its release

45
Q

Location and function of Ghrelin

Induced when?

A

Fundus of stomach

Growth hormone secretion –> hypothalamus –> hunger sensation

During fasting, etc.

46
Q

Added muscle layer w/in stomach wall

Function?

A

Oblique layer between the other two

For “ringing” motion

47
Q

What forms the pyloric sphincter?

A

Thickened region of the circular muscle layer

COM-GI (9 decks)

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