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OS 205 > Histology of Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Histology of Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functional components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood vascular system and

Lymphatic vascular system

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2
Q

Circulation from heart to lungs

A

Pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

Circulation from heart to rest of the body

A

Systemic circulation

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4
Q

What happens to the blood as it goes to smaller types of blood vessels?

A

It slows down

From 33 cm/s in the aorta and pulmonary artery to about 0.3 cm/s at the level of arterioles and capillaries

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5
Q

The lymphatic vascular system merges with the _________ and eventually joins venous circulation.

A

Thoracic Duct

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6
Q

What causes lymph movement?

A

Lymph movement is due to contraction of surrounding skeletal muscles, returning excess lymph to the blood circulatory system.

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7
Q

The endothelium is has what kind of epithelial tissue type?

A

Simple squamous

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8
Q

What are the vasoactive factors produced by the endothelium?

A

Nitric oxide - vasodilator

Endothelins - vasoconstrictor

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9
Q

The endothelium converts ___________ to ____________ in order to increase blood pressure.

A

Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

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10
Q

What are the functions of the endothelium?

A
  • Nutrient Exchange
  • Vasoactive factor secretion
  • Angiotensin conversion
  • Lipolysis of lipoproteins
  • Receptors for leukocyte binding
  • Anti-thrombogenic functions
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11
Q

Main component of tunica media

A

Smooth muscles

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12
Q

True or false. Smooth muscles in the endothelium have their own basal lamina.

A

True

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13
Q

Arrangement of smooth muscles in endothelium:

A

Circumferential

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14
Q

Connective tissues have: __________ and __________

A

Collagen and elastic fibers

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15
Q

Connective tissues are arranged:

A

Longitudinally

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16
Q

3 layers of the blood vessels arranged from closest to lumen to periphery

A

Tunica intima

  • endothelium
  • basement membrane
  • internal elastic lamina

Tunica media

  • smooth muscle
  • external elastic lamina

Tunica externa

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17
Q

Epithelial type of tunica intima

A

Simple squamous endothelial cells

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18
Q

The internal elastic lamina is a fenestrated sheet of collagen. True or false?

A

False, it’s a fenestrated sheet of elastin

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19
Q

The internal elastic lamina is prominent in _________

A

Muscular arteries

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20
Q

It consists of arranged smooth muscle cells arranged circumferentially around the lumen

A

Tunica media

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21
Q

Increase in pressure leads to the ___________ of the tunica media

A

thickening

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22
Q

Which has thicker tunica media? Heart or brain blood vessels?

A

Heart, because they experience greater pressure

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23
Q

Tunica Externa/Adventitia is a _____________ composed of _______________, arranged ____________.

A

connective tissue composed of type I collagen and elastic fibers arranged longitudinally

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24
Q

Microvasculature attached to the walls of thicker blood vessels to provide nutrients which cannot penetrate their thick walls:

A

Vasa vasorum

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25
Q

Location of vasa vasorum:

A

Tunica externa/advantitia and outer half of tunica media

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26
Q

Vasa vasorum supply these layer/s:

A

Tunica externa/adventitia and tunic media

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27
Q

Vasa vasorum more frequently seen in ________.

A

Veins (compared to arteries)

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28
Q

Histologically, how do you differentiate vasa vasorum from arterioles, venules, and capillaries?

A

Vasa vasorum are attached beside another bigger blood vessel

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29
Q

Nerves arising from the medullar oblongata, innervating blood vessels

A

Nervi vasorum

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30
Q

Nervi vasorum arise from ____________

A

Medulla oblungata (reticular center)

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31
Q

Nervi vasorum are found in bundles in the ___________.

A

Tunica adventitia

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32
Q

They are responsible for maintaining vasomotor tone

A

Nervi vasorum

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33
Q

Contraction of the ventricles forces blood into the arteries, making them expand. What do you call this?

A

Ventricular systole

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34
Q

Relaxation of the ventricles, blood continues to flow due to recoil from the elastic tissues of arteries. What do you call this?

A

Ventricular diastole

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35
Q

Three main types of arteries:

A
  1. Elastic Arteries
  2. Muscular Arteries
  3. Arterioles
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36
Q

Largest type of artery:

A

Elastic arteries

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37
Q

Medium-sized artery:

A

Muscular arteries

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38
Q

Smallest type of artery:

A

Arterioles

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39
Q

This layer is broadest in arteries:

A

Tunica media

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40
Q

They are called conducting arteries and are considered as auxiliary pumps:

A

Elastic arteries

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41
Q

Responsible for ensuring the continuous flow of blood

A

Elastic arteries

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42
Q

Elastic fibers have a high amount of _______ in ________.

A

they have a high amount of elastin in tunica media

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43
Q

Examples of elastic arteries:

A
  1. Aorta and its primary branches
    - right brachiocephalic trunk
    - left common carotid artery
    - left subclavian artery
  2. Pulmonary artery and its branches
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44
Q

Responsible for storage and secretion of von Willebrand factor, a glycoprotein responsible for platelet aggregation (clotting)

A

Weibel-Palade bodies

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45
Q

Weibel-Palade bodies are located in which layer?

A

Tunica intima

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46
Q

True or False. Only elastic arteries can store von Willebrand factor.

A

True

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47
Q

P-selectins are found in which layer?

A

Tunica intima

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48
Q

Fenestrated, concentrically-arranged sheets of elastin, interspersed between collagen fibers and smooth muscle cells

A

Tunica media

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49
Q

Elastin fibers appear black in _______ stain. Meanwhile, it appears pink in ________ stain.

A

Elastin fibers: Black in orcein stain while pink in H&E

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50
Q

Highly collagenous layer but may also have elastin

A

Tunica externa/adventitia

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51
Q

Nervi vasorum is located in which layer/s?

A

Tunica externa/adventitia

52
Q

Vasa vasorum is located in which layer/s?

A

Tunica adventitia and tunica media

53
Q

True or false. Elastic laminae are prominent in elastic arteries?

A

False, because they are continuous with the elastic fibers of the tunica media.

54
Q

These are also known as distributing arteries

A

Muscular arteries

55
Q

Type of artery responsible for the distribution of blood to the different parts of the body

A

Muscular arteries / Distributing arteries

56
Q

Elastic arteries have much elastin in their tunica media. Meanwhile, muscular arteries have much _________ in their tunica media.

A

Smooth muscle

57
Q

Examples of muscular arteries:

A

Brachial, Radial, Ulnar, Femoral, Popliteal arteries

Cerebral and Coronary arteries

58
Q

The tunica intima of muscular arteries have a more prominent ___________.

A

Internal elastic lamina

59
Q

Contains fibroblasts, elastic, and collagen fibers arranged longitudinally.

A

Tunica adventitia

60
Q

Bundles of unmyelinated axons terminate at this layer

A

External elastic membrane of tunica adventitia

61
Q

Principal component of peripheral resistance to blood flow pressure:

A

Arterioles

62
Q

Anti-hypertensive drugs act on which blood vessels?

A

Arterioles

63
Q

Transition from large arteries to arterioles is evidenced by:

  1. _______________
  2. _______________
A
  1. Reduction of internal elastic lamina

2. Reduction of smooth muscle in tunica media

64
Q

These are transitional vessels from terminal arterioles to capillaries

A

Metarterioles

65
Q

Metarterioles have a ________ layer of smooth muscles, spaced a short distance apart, completely encircle the tube of the epithelium.

A

Discontinuous

66
Q

Smooth muscle cells continuous with the capillaries:

A

Precapillary sphincter

67
Q

These are sensitive to the changes in chemical concentration of the blood (pH, CO2 and O2 levels)

A

Chemoreceptors like carotid body and aortic body

68
Q

Chemoreceptors transmit signals to the _____________.

A

Respiratory system

69
Q

Carotid body is located where?

A

Bifurcation of common carotid and internal carotid artery

70
Q

Type of carotid body that secrete neurotransmitters:

A

Glomus (Type I)

71
Q

Neurotransmitters secreted by glomus (type I):

A

Serotonin and Dopamine

72
Q

Surrounds a cluster of 2-6 glomus cells:

A

Sheath (Type II)

73
Q

Blood supply of carotid body:

A

Mayer’s ligament

74
Q

Innervation of carotid body:

A

CN IX (Hering’s Nerve)

75
Q

Chemoreceptor found between left common carotid and left subclavian:

A

Aortic body

76
Q

Responsive to changes in blood pressure

A

Baroreceptors

77
Q

Baroreceptor located at the wall of the internal carotid artery

A

Carotid sinus

78
Q

Done to decrease blood pressure among hypertensive patients

A

Carotid massage

79
Q

Innervation of carotid sinus

A

Hering’s Nerve (CN IX)

80
Q

Old people have higher blood pressure because ____________.

A

The elasticity of their blood vessels has significantly reduced

81
Q

What tissue migrates into the tunica intima as one ages (leading to accumulation of fat)?

A

Smooth muscle from tunica media

82
Q

Physiological response of blood vessels to aging

A

Arteriosclerosis

83
Q

Accumulation of plaques secondary to the deposition of muscles in the tunica intima

A

Atherosclerosis

84
Q

Occlusion in the coronary vessels

A

Myocardial infarction

85
Q

Occlusion in a blood vessel in the brain

A

Cerebrovascular accident/ Stroke

86
Q

Thinning and swelling of blood vessel wall

A

Aneurysm

87
Q

Smallest diameter among blood vessels

A

Capillaries

88
Q

Capillaries consists of:

A

a single layer of endothelial cells and their basal lamina

89
Q

Capillaries don’t have:

A

Tunica media and tunica adventitia

90
Q

Special cells attached outside the endothelium that accompany capillaries

A

Pericytes

91
Q

Pericyte process that is longitudinal

A

Primary process

92
Q

Pericyte process that is circumferential

A

Secondary process

93
Q

Function of pericytes

A

Capillary repair during injury

94
Q

True or False. Pericytes have actin, myosin, and troponin.

A

True

95
Q

Transport system of capillaries

A

Transcytosis

96
Q

Vesicles derived from Golgi apparatus used by capillaries for transport

A

Caveolae

97
Q

Type of capillaries found in internal organs (viscera) where high rate of nutrient exchange occurs

A

Fenestrated capillaries / Visceral capillaries

98
Q

Continuous layer of endothelium around the lumen of the capillary without fenestrae

A

Continuous Capillaries / Somatic / Smooth capillaries

99
Q

Type of capillary in muscles, connective tissues, nervous tissues, and lungs:

A

Continuous capillaries

100
Q

Type of capillaries that have irregular outlines and varying shapes

A

Sinusoidal capillaries / Discontinuous capillaries

101
Q

Capillaries found in the liver, spleen and bone marrow

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

102
Q

Blood vessel with thin walls, lumen collapsed, and boundaries less distinct:

A

Veins

103
Q

Smallest vein

A

Venule

104
Q

Veins that branch immediately from the capillary and a site for exchange of nutrients and cell migration besides capillaries. They also serve as exit doors for WBCs (preferential site for migration of leukocytes).

A

Postcapillary venules

105
Q

Extensions or semilunar folds of the intima that project into the lumen of the vein

A

Valves of veins

106
Q

Vein with all three layer distinguishable:

A

Large veins - inferior vena cava, portal vein, splenic vein

107
Q

Alternative microvascular pathway in which blood flows through two successive capillary beds separated by a portal vessel allowing effective delivery of nutrients.

A

Portal system

108
Q

3 portal systems:

A
  1. Hepatic portal system (Liver)
    - hepatic portal vein
  2. Renal portal system (Kidneys)
    - efferent arteriole
  3. Hypophyseal Portal System (Brain; Hypothalamus to Pituitary)
    - hypophyseal portal vein
109
Q

Portal system with the only atrial portal vessel

A

Renal portal system (efferent arteriole)

110
Q

3 layers of cardiac wall

A

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium

111
Q

Epicardium type of epithelium:

A

Simple squamous endothelial cells with fibroelastic tissue

112
Q

Continuous with the tunica adventitia of blood vessels

A

Epicardium

113
Q

Thickest layer or the heart consisting mostly of cardiac muscle. It is continuous with the tunica media of blood vessels.

A

Myocardium

114
Q

Continuous with the tunica intima of blood vessels. It is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells resting on a subendocardial layer.

A

Endocardium

115
Q

3 layers of the endocardium and their contents

A
  1. Inner layer: endothelium and connective tissue
  2. Middle myoelastic layer: smooth muscle fibers and connective tissue
  3. Deep layer/subendocardial layer: contains connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, merges with the myocardium and contain Purkinje fibers
116
Q

Pale-staining fibers due to high glycogen content with sparse peripheral myofibrils

A

Purkinje fibers

117
Q

Pacemaker of the heart located near the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium

A

Sinoatrial Node

118
Q

Located beneath the endocardium of the interatrial septum

A

Atrioventricular Node

119
Q

Flow of polarization from the SA node

A

SA node -> AV node -> Bundle of His -> Bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers

120
Q

Four fibrous rings surrounding the valve orifices

A

Annuli fibrosis

121
Q

Atrial cardiac fibers attach to:

A

Annuli fibrosis of pulmonary artery and aorta

122
Q

Ventricular cardiac fibers attach to:

A

Annuli fibrosis of atrioventricular valves

123
Q

Structure that connects the rings of annuli fibrosis

A

Trigona Fibrosis (Fibrous trigone)

124
Q

Single layer of endothelium with no fenestrations and no basal lamina

A

Lymphatic capillaries

125
Q

Do lymphatic vessels have valves?

A

Yes, they come from the tunica intima

OS 205 (4 decks)

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