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ABDOMEN AND GI TRACT > histology of accessory glands > Flashcards

histology of accessory glands Flashcards

1
Q

salivary gland functions

A

tasting, digesting and swallowing food

produce 700-1100ml of saliva each day

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2
Q

secretory potion arrangement

A

tubules and acini

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3
Q

three cell types on salivary glands + functions

A

serous cells- secrete proteins and polysaccharides

mucous cells- secrete mucous

myoepithelial basket cells- several long processes that envelop the acinus and contract to expel secretions

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4
Q

explain duct arrangement

A

highly branched ducts formed of

intercalated to striated to intralobular to interlobular to lobar to principle terminal

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5
Q

function of terminal ducts

A

deliver saliva to oral caity

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6
Q

two types of salivary gland

A

major and minor salivary glands

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7
Q

three types of major salivary gland

A

parotid, sublingual and submandibular

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8
Q

parotid size and secretion

A

largest gland

produces 30% of saliva

serous secretion with high levels of amylase

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9
Q

sublingual size and secretion

A

very small gland

5% of saliva

mainly composed of mucus and serous cells

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10
Q

submandibular size and secretion

A

produces 60% saliva and serious cells predominate

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11
Q

acinar and duct cell functions

A

acinar- responsible for volume of saliva

duct- responsible for composition

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12
Q

explain sympathetic control of secretion

A

superior cervical ganglion, release of noradrenaline, decreases production of saliva, increased protein

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13
Q

explain parasympathetic control of secretion

A

innervation due to facial and glossopharyngeal nerve

afferent fibres in the mouth detect changes to food in mouth- travel to the medulla

parasympathetic fibres release acetylcholine onto muscarinic receptors

increase secretion from acinar cells

duct cells increase bicarbonate secretion

contraction of myoepithelium

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14
Q

two component of pancreas + function

A

exocrine- secretes enzymes

endocrine - secretes hormones

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15
Q

explain endocrine structure

A

islets of Langerhans comprise 1-2% of the volume

consist of beta, alpha, delta and pancreatic polypeptide cells

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16
Q

pancreatic polypeptide fucntion

A

inhibits acinar endocrine secretion

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17
Q

explain exocrine structure

A

clusters of cells

duct cells penetrate into central regions of acini called centroacinar cells

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18
Q

where do the ducts open into?

A

the common bile duct, and empty into the major papilla duct (ampulla of vater)

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19
Q

what is present in both salivary and pancreatic acinar cells?

A

zymogen granules

20
Q

zymogen granule function

A

specialised storage granules of proteases, that allow for release

21
Q

what is the largest gland within the body?

A

liver

22
Q

how much blood perfuses the liver per minute?

A

1.5 litres

23
Q

liver major functions

A

recycling, waste disposal

24
Q

how is the liver represented?

A

polygonal aggregation of cells that are arranged in irregular radial cords of cells interrupted by strands of supporting tissues that contain vascular and biliary passages

25
Q

main cell type in liver

A

hepatocytes

26
Q

classic liver lobule structure

A

central vein, peripheral portal triads set at angles to the polygons

hepatocytes radiating from central vein separated by vascular sinusoids

27
Q

sinusoid definition

A

low pressure vascular channels that receive blood from hepatic arteries and the hepatic portal vein at the peripheries of the lobules and then bring them towards the central vein

liver capillary

28
Q

hepatic lobule definition

A

building block of the liver

contains a central vein, portal triad, hepatocytes in linear cords and a capillary network

29
Q

what is present in the portal triad?

A

hepatic artery, portal vein, bile ductule, lymphatic vessels and branch of vagus nerve

30
Q

portal triad shape

A

triangle, connecting three central veins

31
Q

two important features of liver sinusoids

A

Kuppfer cells and space of Disse

32
Q

explain structure and function of space of Disse

A

space between a sinusoid and the hepatocyte

contains blood plasma

microvilli of hepatocytes extend here so that they can absorb molecules from blood

33
Q

structure of sinusoid

A

discontinuous basement membrane and fenestrated endothelium allows for easy exchange

34
Q

kupffer cell location

A

within sinusoids

35
Q

kupffer cell function

A

specialised macrophages

clear bacteria

break down red blood cells, split haemoglobin

36
Q

kupffer cells are an example of

A

mononuclear phagocyte systems

37
Q

bile duct definition

A

tiny intracellular spaces flanked by tight junctions that form small conduits around hepatocytes

produce bile continually

38
Q

bile function

A

emulsify fats and facilitate their absorption

39
Q

what is bile?

A

breakdown products of worn out red blood cells

40
Q

biliary tract definition

A

liver, gall bladder and bile ducts

41
Q

gall bladder function

A

reservoir for bile

concentrates bile

adds mucus to bile

42
Q

when does the gall bladder secrete bile?

A

discharges its contents in response to the entry of fatty foods into the duodenum

43
Q

histology of gall bladder

A

folded mucosa or simple columnar epithelial cells

fibrovascualr lamina propria

deep muscularis

external layer of supporting tissue with elastic fibres

outer serosa

44
Q

what is the gall bladder epithelium resistant to?

A

bile

45
Q

common disorder of the biliary system

A

gallstones

46
Q

explain gall stones

A

excessive accumulation of cholesterol in the bile

excess sterol may crystallise and calcify into a stone

painless unless they are located in the neck where they may obstruct outflow and cause inflammation

ABDOMEN AND GI TRACT (6 decks)

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