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Case 6: Tuberculosis > Histology: Lymph Nodes > Flashcards

Histology: Lymph Nodes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 2 categories of lymphoid organs & their function

A

Primary/central: development & maturation of lymphocytes into mature immunocompetent cells
Secondary/peripheral: create environment where immunocompetent cells interact w/ each other, antigens & other cells to mount an immune response

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2
Q

What is the 2 types of lymphocytes & where are they derived from & mature

A

B cells that arise & mature in bone marrow
T cells that arise from bone marrow but mature in thymus

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3
Q

What is the 3 accessory cells in lymphoid organs & where are they derived from

A

Macrophages from monocytes
Dendritic cells from monocytes
Follicular dendritic cells from lymph nodes

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4
Q

What is the 4 steps of immune response

A
  1. Activation of immune response: initial contact of lymphocytes/APC w/ Ag
  2. Ag destruction: cytotoxic T cells or Ab produced from B cells
  3. Termination of immune response: down regulation once Ag has been removed
  4. Immunological memory: specialized subset of T & B cells
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5
Q

What is the 4 innate protection of respiratory airways

A

Mucociliary escalator
Antimicrobial enzymes (serous fluids)
Antiproteases (serous fluid & Club cells)
Surfactant proteins (A & D)

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6
Q

What is the 2 acquire protection of respiratory airways

A

MALT w/ macrophages, B & T cells, plasma cells that is responsible for Ag destruction & Ab production
Lymphoid nodes for Ag presentation, destruction & Ab production

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7
Q

What is the superficial & deep lymph drainage in respiratory system

A
  1. Superficial: under visceral pleasure into hilar nodes
  2. Deep: along bronchial tree & pulmonary blood vessels into pulmonary nodes & hilar nodes into tracheo-bronchial nodes into broncho-mediastinal nodes & left side into thoracic duct & right side into lymphatic duct
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8
Q

What is 3 functions of lymphoid tissues

A
  1. Lymphocytes production of proliferation
  2. Lymphocytes differentiation
  3. Interaction of lymphocytes w/ antigen
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9
Q

What is the 4 functions of lymph nodes

A
  1. Aggregation & proliferation of lymphocytes
  2. Filtration of lymph & removing particulate matters/microorganisms
  3. Activation of lymphocytes (Ab secretion by B cells & T cell mediated response)
  4. Interaction of T lymphocytes w/ Ag (Ag uptake by APC)
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10
Q

What is the flow of lymph in lymph nodes

A

Afferent lymph vessel that pierce into capsule & open into
Subscapular sinus
Paratrabecular sinus
Cortex
Paracortex
Medullary cords
Medullary sinus
Efferent lymph vessel

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11
Q

What cell do you find in the subscapular sinus

A

Macrophages

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12
Q

What cell do you find in the paratrabecular sinus

A

Dendritic cells

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13
Q

What 4 cells do you find in the cortex

A

B cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Follicular dendritic cells

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14
Q

What 4 cells do you find in the paracortex

A

T cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
High endothelial venules

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15
Q

What 3 cells do you find in the medulla

A

Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Plasma cells

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16
Q

What is the 2 types of lymphoid follicles

A

Primary lacking mantle & germinal center & non-active
Secondary follicles w/ mantle & germinal center & active

17
Q

What is the structure of a secondary follicle

A

Mantle zone w/ resting B cells
Germinal centre w/ follicular dendritic cells & T cells for selection of B cells that can undergo mitotic division & develop & macrophages to phagocytoses apoptosis B cells
Dark zone for Ag activation of B cells to differentiate & clonal expansion into center oblast w/ immunoglobulin inside & centrocyte w/ immunoglobulin outside

18
Q

What is different w/ palatine tonsils

A

Fibrous hemicapsule

19
Q

What is the luminal surface lining of palatine tonsils

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

20
Q

What does the parenchyma of palatine tonsils contain

A

Lymphoid follicles w/ germinal centers

21
Q

What is the 5 functions of thymus gland

A

Maturation of immunocompetent T cells
Proliferation of mature T cells
Immunological self tolerance development & elimination of self reactive lymphocytes
Hormone secretion to regulate T cell maturation & lymphoid tissue development
Haematopoeisis during fetal development

22
Q

What is the structure of thymus gland & content in each

A

Cortex that has distinct lobules
Contains high endothelial venules, blood vessels, cTEC, nurse cells, T cells & blood thymus barrier
Medulla that is shared
Contains mTEC, less T cells & Hassan corpuscles

23
Q

What is the blood thymic barriers function

A

Prevent immature T cell interaction w/ antigens or particles

24
Q

How does T cells mature

A
  1. Proliferation into double - T cells at trabeculla
  2. Mature into double + T cells expressing both CD4 & 8 at cortex
  3. cTEC express MHC 1 & 2 at cortex & mTEC express self Ag at medulla
  4. Positive selection recognize only MHC & not self antigen
    Negative selection if recognize both MHC & self antigen & eliminated via macrophages & Hassal Corpuscles
25
Q

What is the 3 functions of the spleen

A

Mount immune response against blood borne antigens at white pulp
Filters particles & old/defective blood cells from circulation at red pulp
Haematopoiesis at fetal development

26
Q

What is the 4 structures of the spleen

A
  1. Capsule that support tissue (collagen, elastic fibers & smooth muscle)
  2. Trabecula that is derived from capsule w/ trabeculla arteries & veins
  3. White pulp that is splenic nodules w/ lots of T cells, B cells, APC & plasma cells
  4. Red pulp that filters RBC w/ macrophages sheared capillaries for elimination of RBC
27
Q

What is the flow of blood in spleen

A
  1. Blood w/ antigen enters at splenic artery into central arteriole & marginal channel
  2. Marginal channel is where lymphocytes, macrophages & dendritic cells enter white pulp
  3. Central arteriole is surrounded by PALS derived T cells w/ APC that detect Ag & pathogens
  4. Plasma cells release immunoglobulins into red pulp & blood that trap specific Ag in blood
  5. Central arteriole flow into penicillar arteriole (closed circulation) surrounded by macrophage sheated capillary that drains into splenic sinusoid of red pulp or open circulation that filters red blood cells & needs to enter closed circulation then drains into splenic vein
28
Q

What is different in MALT lymphoid tissue

A

Non-encapsulated

29
Q

Where do you find MALT

A

Submucosal membrane of gut, urogenital & respiratory tract

30
Q

What is 3 types of MALT tissue

A
  1. Waldeyer’s ring: adenoids
  2. Peyer’s patches: in smalls intestine
  3. Appendix: attached to caecum in children

Case 6: Tuberculosis (5 decks)

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