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Histology > Histology Lectures Combined > Flashcards

Histology Lectures Combined Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the 5 layers of the epidermis in thick skin (palms)

A
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2
Q
A

Shows the small intestine and the lamina propria
* Def: thin layer of loose, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings; immediately under the epithelial surface

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3
Q
A

C= capillary
F = fibroblast
* Connective tissue is primarily made up of the ECM
* ECM has organized bundles of fibers (pink)
* Ground substance is pale

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4
Q

Three components of ground substance

A

Ground substance:
1. Glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid & the sulfates)
2. Proteoglycans
3. Glycoproteins (fibronectin, laminin)

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5
Q
A

Collagen type I

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6
Q
A

Reticular fibers (type III collagen)
* Found in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, skin, smooth muscle cells

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7
Q

Basal cell carcinomas usually start in the _ layer of the skin

A

Basal cell carcinomas usually start in the basale layer of the skin
* Develop on skin exposed areas
* Slow growing

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8
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma is found in _ layer of the skin

A

Squamous cell carcinoma is found in the outer layers of the epidermis
* Continuously sloughed off

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9
Q

Which skin type lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands?

A

Thick skin

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10
Q

What is the structure marked As?

A

Eccrine sweat gland (coiled)

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

The _ are the most predominant cell type in the epidermis; they are mitotically active and helping the dermis to regenerate every 30 days

A

The keratinocytes are the most predominant cell type in the epidermis; they are mitotically active and helping the dermis to regenerate every 30 days

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13
Q

What do we mean when we say basal keratinocytes or basal cells?

A

Basal keratinocytes or basal cells are keratinocytes on the basement membrane

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14
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A
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15
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A
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16
Q

_ is an autoimmune disease against desmoglein

A

Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune disease against desmoglein
* Desmoglein is a component of desmosomes

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17
Q

(Pemphigus vulgaris/ Bullous Pemphigoid) is potentially fatal

A

Pemphigus vulgaris is potentially fatal

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18
Q

Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune disease against _

A

Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune disease against hemidesmosomes
* Less severe than pemphigus vulgaris

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19
Q

_ usually presents with flaccid bullae in the skin and oral mucosa

A

Pemphigus vulgaris usually presents with flaccid bullae in the skin and oral mucosa

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20
Q

_ usually presents with tense bullae in the skin but not oral mucosa

A

Bullous pemphigoid usually presents with tense bullae in the skin but not oral mucosa

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21
Q

Where do we find melanocytes?

A

Melanocytes are found in the stratum basale
* They synthesize melanin in melanosomes and transfer it to adjacent keratinocytes

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22
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A
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23
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24
Q

Langerhan cells

A

Langerhan cells are dendritic cells
* Appear primarily in the stratum spinosum
* But can be in any epidermal layer
* Appear pale with “comma like” cytoplasmic process and indented nucleus
* Have birbeck granules
* They act as antigen-presenting cells in immune responses

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25
Q
A
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26
Q

We find merkel cells in the _ layer

A

We find merkel cells in the stratum basale
* Sensory mechanoreceptors
* Pale cytoplasm + dense cored granules

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27
Q

The _ layer contains proteins that bind keratin filaments together

A

The stratum granulosum layer contains proteins that bind keratin filaments together
* Within keratohyalin granules

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28
Q

What is a unique finding in the stratum spinosum?

A

Keratinocytes contain membrane-coating granules and are connected to one another via desmosomes
* Granules are releasing lipids between cells to create impermeability to water

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29
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A
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30
Q
A
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31
Q

Classify the type of connective tissue of the epidermis

A

Epidermis is stratifed squamous keratinized epithelium

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32
Q

Classify the type of connective tissue of the dermis

A

Dermis is dense, irregular connective tissue

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33
Q

What are the structural components of the papillary layer?

A

Papillary layer: thin, loosely arranged fibers
* Type I collagen
* Type III collagen
* Elastic fibers
* Contains meissner corpuscles (fine touch)

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34
Q

What are the structural components of the reticular layer?

A

Reticular layer has dense collagen bundles and thick elastic fibers
* Type I collagen
* Arteries, veins, lymphatics
* Pacinian corpuscles (pressure, vibration)
* Sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands

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35
Q

Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a deficiency in _

A

Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a deficiency in type III collagen
* Blood vessel aneurysms, organ rupture

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36
Q

Classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a deficiency in _

A

Classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a deficiency in type V collagen
* Hyperextensible skin, hypermobile joints, joint dislocation, tendency to bleed, easy bruising

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37
Q

A patient presents with history of organ rupture and easy bruising; they may have _

A

A patient presents with history of organ rupture and easy bruising; they may have vascular EDS (problem with type III collagen)

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38
Q

A patient presents with hyperextensible skin, tendency to bleed, and joint dislocation; they may have _

A

A patient presents with hyperextensible skin, tendency to bleed, and joint dislocation; they may have classical EDS (issue with type V collagen)

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39
Q

What is the secretory mechanism of eccrine sweat glands?

A

Exocytosis or merocrine

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40
Q

Characterize the secretions from eccrine sweat glands

A

Eccrine sweat glands secrete mucinogen-rich product and watery electrolyte-rich material

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41
Q

Characterize the secretions from apocrine sweat glands

A

Apocrine sweat glands secrete viscous secretions onto hair follicles where the bacteria acts –> odor

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42
Q

Sweat glands are under sympathetic control and are (cholinergic/ adrenergic)

A

Sweat glands are under sympathetic control and are cholinergic

43
Q
A

Papillary dermis (left)
Reticular dermis (right)

44
Q

What type of gland are the sweat glands?

A

Sweat glands are simple coiled tubular glands

45
Q

What type of glands are sebaceous glands?

A

Sebaceous glands are branched acinar glands
* The duct empties into the neck of a hair follicle

46
Q

Sweat glands are found in _ layer of the skin

A

Sweat glands are found in reticular dermis layer of the skin

47
Q

Sebaceous glands are found in the _ layer of the skin

A

Sebaceous glands are found in the reticular dermis layer of the skin

48
Q

_ is a smooth muscle that elevates the hair and is sympathetically innervated

A

Arrector pili muscle is a smooth muscle that elevates the hair and is sympathetically innervated

49
Q
A
50
Q
A
51
Q
A
52
Q
A
53
Q
A
54
Q
A

Apocrine gland

55
Q
A

Sebaceous gland

56
Q

What is the function of the following?

A

Meissner corpuscle: function in fine touch perception
* Dermal papillae of thick skin, eyelids, nipples

57
Q

What is the function of the following?

A

Pacinian corpuscles are found deep in the dermis/hypodermis and they are especially abundant in the breasts and digits
* They percieve pressure, touch, vibration

58
Q

Where do we find the following?

A

We find free nerve endings around hair follicles and in the trachea in the dermis layer
* Function in sensing pain, heat, touch
* Free Nerve endings = Fire (heat) and Nocioception (heat)

59
Q

What is the function of the following?

A

Merkel disks provide information on pressure, position, and static touch (recognizing shapes and edges)
* Located in the epidermis near follicles

60
Q

Ruffini’s endings sense _

A

Ruffini’s endings sense pressure and touch
* Found in the dermis and joints

61
Q

Which disease might be associated?

A

Scurvy- corkscrew hair
* Other signs: bleeding gums, tooth loss, bruising and poor wound healing, weakened immune response, thin appearance
* Administer vitamin C

62
Q

Bone has _ collagen

A

Bone has type I collagen

63
Q

Dentin has _ collagen

A

Dentin has type I collagen

64
Q

Ligaments have _ collagen

A

Ligaments have type I collagen

65
Q

Dermal-epidermal junction has _ collagen

A

Dermal-epidermal junction has have type V collagen

66
Q

Bone marrow has _ collagen

A

Bone marrow has have type III collagen

67
Q

Basal lamina of the basement membrane has _ collagen

A

Basal lamina has have type IV collagen

68
Q

Organ capsules have _ collagen

A

Organ capsules have have type I collagen

69
Q

The vitreous body has type _ collagen

A

Vitreous body has have type II collagen

70
Q

The cornea of the eye has _ collagen

A

Cornea has have type I collagen

71
Q

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage have _ collagen

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage have type II collagen

72
Q

The nucleus pulposus has _ collagen

A

The nucleus pulposus has type II collagen

73
Q

Smooth muscle cells have _ collagen

A

Smooth muscle cells have type III collagen

74
Q

Elastic fibers are composed of _ and _

A

Elastic fibers are composed of elastin and fibrillin
* These get synthesized by fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, chondrocytes/chondroblasts

75
Q

What is the following?

A

Elastic fibers

76
Q

Steps of collagen synthesis

A
  1. Collagen mRNA is made in the nucleus –> travels to the rough ER
  2. Pre-procollagen (alpha chains) gets created
  3. Hydroxylation of Pro (P) and Lys (K) Must have Vitamin C as cofactor for hydroxylation; lacking vitamin C = scurvy
  4. Glycosylation of hydroxylysines
  5. Procollagen triple-helix forms (3 alpha-chains align and coil)
  6. Carbohydrates get added
  7. Secretion is by exocytosis

Out of the cell:
1. Procollagen is cleaved into tropocollagen
2. Tropocollagen assembles into collagen fibrils (cross-linking)
Defects in these extracellular events can lead to EDS

77
Q

Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bruising can be signs of _

A

Scurvy!
* Decreased hydroxylation of pro and lys
* Decreased collagen synthesis and weak collagen

78
Q

Defects in formation of the triple helix of procollagen can result in _

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta!
Decreased formation of procollagen:
* Multiple fractures in childhood
* Blue sclerae
* Hearing loss (ossicles of ear)
* Abnormal teeth (lack of dentin)

79
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a decrease in type _ collagen and results due to a defect in _ formation

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a decrease in Type I collagen and results due to a defect in procollagen (triple helix) formation

80
Q

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a genetic disease that results from a defect in type _ or type _ collagen

A

EDS: defect in type III or type V
Type III: aneurysms of various vessels, organ rupture
Type V: hyperextensible skin, hypermobile joints, joint dislocation, tendency to bleed, bruising (epidermal-dermal junction)

81
Q

What happens if we have a defect in type IV collagen?

A

Type IV collagen is found in the basement membrane
* Alport syndrome: kidneys, hearing, eyes affected; “can’t see, can’t pee, can’t hear a bee”
* Goodpasture syndrome: pulmonary alveoli, renal

82
Q

A patient has impaired kidney function, hearing loss, and eye problems; they may have _

A

A patient has impaired kidney function, hearing loss, and eye problems; they may have Alport syndrome
* “Can’t see, can’t pee, can’t hear a bee”
* Defect in type IV collagen

83
Q

Marfan syndrome results from mutations in genes encoding _

A

Marfan syndrome results from mutations in genes encoding fibrillin which is important part of elastic fibers
* Long, slender limbs and fingers
* Lens of eye dislocated
* Cardiovascular problems (aorta rupture)

84
Q

How can we identify pericytes?

A

Pericytes support capillaries; they sit on the capillaries; look for endothelial cells

85
Q

Is this a resident or transient cell of the connective tissue?

A

Mast cell- resident

86
Q

Is this a resident or transient cell of the connective tissue?

A

Macrophage- transient

87
Q

These cell types are (transient/ resident) cells of connective tissue

A

These cell types are transient cells of connective tissue (leukocytes)

88
Q

Differentiate between connective tissue from mesenchymal stem cells vs. hematopoietic stem cells

A

Mesenchymal:
* condroblasts –> chondrocytes
* adipocytes
* fibroblasts
* mesothelial cells
* endothelial cells
* osteoblast –> osteocyte

Hematopoietic:
* macrophage
* osteoclast
* mast
* neutrophil
* etc

89
Q

What is the function of this cell?

A

Fibroblast product procollagen and ECM components; aid in wound healing
* Active –> spindle/ fusiform

90
Q

What role do fibroblasts play in wound healing?

A

Fibroblasts migrate across blood clots where they adhere to fibronectin (a glycoprotein in ground substance)

91
Q

The following cells have what function?

A

White adipose tissue: “unilocular fat”
* Synthesis and storage (TG) of fat
* Rich neurovascular supply
* Cytoplasm and nucleus squeezed to periphery

92
Q

What gives this cell its brown color?

A

Mitochondria!
* UCP1: uncoupling protein 1 allows proton movement to get converted to heat instead of ATP

Brown fat is multilobular

93
Q

Dense regular connective tissue is found in _ areas of the body and made of _ collagen

A

Dense regular connective tissue is found in tendons, ligaments areas of the body and made of type I collagen

94
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue is found in _ areas of the body and made of _ collagen

A

Dense irregular connective tissue is found in skin, organ capsule areas of the body and made of type I collagen

95
Q

Reticular connective tissue proper is found in _ areas of the body and has _ collagen

A

Reticular connective tissue proper is found in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen areas of the body and has type III collagen

96
Q

Where do we find loose, areolar connective tissue?

A

Supporting tissue & lamina propria

97
Q

What is this cell’s function?

A

Mesenchyme- stem cells can differentiate into fibroblasts, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes, chondroblasts

98
Q

The endomysium and perimysium surround what?

A

Endomysium: surrounds cells (myofibers)
Perimysium: surrounds fasciles (bundles)
Epimysium: surrounds entire muscle; forms aponeuroses and tendons

99
Q
A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

Muscle
Fasicle
Cell
Myofibril
Myofilament

100
Q

What would happen if we didn’t have the structure marked T in some muscle fibers?

A

Lacking T-tubules = uncoordinated contraction of myofibrils

101
Q

What is seen in the periphery of cell 1 and cell 2? Purple

A

Nucleus

102
Q

Which bands shorten during muscle contraction?

A

H and I bands

103
Q

What is the dark band in the middle?

A

A band

Histology (6 decks)

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