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Module 2 Anatomy > Histology: GI Tract > Flashcards

Histology: GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Examining the hard palate, what structure is found lying on top of the lamina propria?

A

The stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

What is the connective tissue of the lamina propria composed of?

A
  1. regular connective tissue
  2. thick collagen bundles
  3. nerves
  4. blood vessels
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3
Q

What thin structure makes the stratified squamous epithelium in the hard palate keratinised?

A

The thin stratum corneum.

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4
Q

Why is the mucosa lining the hard palate known as the masticatory mucosa?

A

As food is pressed against the hard palate during chewing to form a bolus for swallowing.

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5
Q

Name the type of mucosa that lines the buccal surfaces.

Is this type of mucosa keratinised or non-keratinised?

A

This mucosa is known as lining mucosa.

Lining mucosa is non keratinised.

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6
Q

What is the name of the outer surface of the tongue?

A

The dorsal surface

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7
Q

What type of papillae give the dorsum of tongue a rough surface?

A

Filiform papillae

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8
Q

What type of papillae resemble the appearance of strawberry pips?

A

Fungiform papillae

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9
Q

Examining the layers of the tongue, what exists between the epithelium and underlying muscle?

A

a lamina propria of dense irregular connective tissue

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10
Q

Looking at the ventral surfaces of the tongue, state whether these surfaces are keratinised or non-keratinised.

A

the ventral surfaces are NON-KERATINISED.

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11
Q

Where are the nuclei found within the tongue?

A

There are nuclei present all the way to the surface of the tongue.

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12
Q

What colour do the minor salivary glands appear under the virtual microscope?

A

More purple and more grainy than the surrounding red muscle.

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13
Q

What do the deep furrows on the left margin of the tongue represent?

A

Foliate papillae

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14
Q

What line these furrows?

A

Taste buds

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15
Q

Name the four types of lingual papillae?

A

Filiform
Foliate
Fungiform
Circumvalliate

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16
Q

Name the only type of lingual papillae that isn’t involved in taste?

A

Filiform papillae are the only type of papillae not involved in taste.

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17
Q

The digestive tract from the oesophagus to the rectum consists of 4 basic layers. What are these layers?

A
  1. The mucosa: which itself is divided into;
    (a) epithelium
    (b) lamina propria
    (c) muscularis mucosae
  2. The submucosa
  3. The muscularis externa
    (also refereed to as the muscularis propria)
  4. The adventitia or serosa
18
Q

What are gastric pits of the stomach lined with?

A

Surface mucous cells

19
Q

What are the gastric glands responsible for?

A

Emptying into the base of the gastric pits

20
Q

Name the 5 cells of the gastric gland and their functions.

A
  1. Surface mucous cells: secrete protective mucous
  2. Parietal cells: produce hydrochloric acid
  3. Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen
  4. Stem cells: replace all cell types via division
  5. Enteroendocrine cells: hormone secreting cells that provide control functions.
21
Q

Are the cells of the gastric gland evenly distributed?

A

No

22
Q

What cells mostly make up the isthmus of the gastric gland?

A

Parietal cells and Stem cells

23
Q

What cells mostly make up the neck of the gastric gland?

A

Neck mucous cells and parietal cells.

24
Q

What cells mostly make up the fundus (base) of the gastric gland?

A

Chief cells, with a few parietal cells and enteroendocrinecells (also called neuroendocrine cells).

25
Q

What is the function of a chief cell?

A

produce pepsinogen

26
Q

What is the function of a parietal cell?

A

Produces hydrochloric acid

27
Q

What makes the muscularis external unusual?

A

It has an additional oblique layer that aids the churning action of the stomach.

28
Q

The mucosa of the stomach contains aggregations of small purple cells. These are part of GALT. What does ‘GALT’ stand for?

A

Gut associated lymphoid tissue

29
Q

There are no glands in the submucosa of the stomach, however the duodenum the submucosa is packed with mucous secreting glands (called Brunner’s glands) that stain magenta. What do Brunner’s glands secrete and why are they only present in the duodenum?

A

When stimulated by the presence of chyme they produce a thin, alkaline mucous to neutralise the chyme.

Brunner’s cells are only found in the duodenum as their role is to protect the intestinal walls from gastric juices

30
Q

The small intestinal epithelium consists of two parts, what are these two parts?

A

Villi and crypts (Lieberkühn)

31
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
32
Q

Examining the hard palate you will notice that the interlocking projections of the epithelium and lamina propria are very long and thus highly interdigitated. Why do you think this is the case?

A

As interlocking helps to anchor the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue.

33
Q

The stratified squamous epithelium of the hard palate is keratinized. Where else in the oral cavity would you find keratinized epithelium?

A

The gingivae and much of the dorsal surface of the tongue.

34
Q

What classification of epithelium lines the oesophagus?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous.

35
Q

Following the path of digestive tract from the oesophagus to the rectum, which of the 6 layers would you expect not to find blood vessels?

A

Lining epithelia

36
Q

Which parts of the oesophagus have a muscularis externa composed of:

a) skeletal muscle
b) mixed skeletal and smooth muscle
c) smooth muscle.

A

a) upper third
b) middle third
c) lower third

37
Q

What type of cell are the magenta cells scattered within the epithelium of the duodenum?

A

Goblet cells

38
Q

Between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa, you can observe pale masses of neuronal cells of the myenteric plexus (also called ‘Auerbach’s plexus’). What is the role of these cells?

A

Coordination of contraction of the muscularis externa (for peristalsis in most of the gut tube)

39
Q

What is the role of Paneth cells?

A

They produce and secrete antimicrobial compounds such as definsins

40
Q

What are the two main cell types present in the epithelium lining the surface of the colon and the colonic glands?

A
  1. Absorptive cells

2. Goblet cells

Module 2 Anatomy (6 decks)

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