Histology - Cytology Slides Flashcards
Pancreas
Horse
Pancreas: Mixed exocrine/endocrine gland that produces digestive enzymes and hormones The enzymes (used for digestion) are stored and released by cells of the exocrine portion arranged in acini
Pancreas Identification
Parenchyma Stroma Septa Zymogen Granules Mucleus Basophilic Acidophilic/Eosinophilic Vascular Structures
Examining Pancreas Slide
1) Low Magnification - Pancreas is separated into lobules separated by septa
2) Find center of lobule and increase magnification
3) High Magnification -
Exocrine pancreatic cells (parenchymal cells) are arranged in clusters called acini with a central lumen into which secretory products are released
Parenchyma are highly polarized with a spherical nucleus (open-faced)
Notice Basophilic (purple - nucleic regions and RER = cell is metabolically active) and Acidophilic/Eosinophilic (pink) regions
4) Lower your condensor = note presence of zygomagen granules within cytoplasm of the pancreatic cells = CELL INCLUSIONS
Ducts and blood vessels also present
Lobule of the Pancreas
Parenchyma of pancreas = functional unit of the organ
Made up of pancreatic alcinar cells (arranged into acinii) and pancreatic islet cells (islets of Langerhan; endocrine tissue - secretes product into bloodstream)
Septa
Stroma in pancreas
Divides parenchyma
Stroma
Nonliving connective tissue that supports organ
Septa (pancreatic version)
Acinii
Cellular arrangement of parenchymal cells in a radial formation (lumen in center)
STRUCTURE IN NOTES
Purple color of cells = ?
Metabolically activity
Hemotoxylin stain is attracted to basophillic structures = genetic material
Zygomagens
CELL INCLUSIONS in Pancreas
Acidophilic = pink
w/ proenzymes needed for digestion
Number of zygomagens is dependent on digestive phase
Open- vs closed-face nucleus
Open-Face Nucleus - metabolically active = change of color to purple
Close-Face Nucleus - not metabolically active = no change of colors
Dorsal Root Ganglia
Dog
Collection of neuronal cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system
Dorsal Root Ganglia Identification
Nucleus Nucleolus Nissl Substance, RER Artifact Satellite Cells
Examining Dorsal Root Ganglia Slide
Low Magnification - Note large ganglionic cells surrounded by smaller, darker satellite cells
High Magnification - Ganglionic cells:
Large open-faced nucleus with a prominent nucleolus (not every cell seems to have a nucleus b/c of where the cell was cross-sectioned)
Basophilic stain of cytoplasm = due to rough endoplasmic reticulum = Nissl substance in neurons
Space around ganglionic cells = artifact fixation due to shrinkage from dehydration
can also notice stroma and neuronal cell membrane
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cytoplasmic surface possesses receptor molecules for ribosomes and signal recognition particle (ribophorins and docking proteins)
Continuoues with the outer nuclear membrane
Satellite Cells in Neurons
Glial cells that cover cell bodies in sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
Liver
Cat
Largest gland in body
Second largest organ
Processes and stores the nutrients absorbed through digestion
Interface between the digestive system and the blood
Liver Identification
Hapatocytes (Parenchyma) Vacuoles Nucleus Endothelial Cells White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Examination of the Liver Slide
Low Magnification:
Large blood vessels
Septa
Hepatic Cells (Hepatocytes; Parenchyma; lots of activity)
High Magnification:
Sinusoids - spaces containing erythrocytes, leukocytes, and hepatocytes
Hepatocytes with open-faced nuclei and many vacuoles (lipids or glycogen from digestion) in the cytoplasm (pink))
Endothelial Cells
Lipid Droplets (CELL INCLUSIONS)
Also central vein
Erythrocytes
Small and ovoid
5-7 micrometers
Viewed in almost all tissues = marker for estimating size of cells
Endothelial Cells
Flattened and often elongated
Line all vascular structures
Contain close-faced nuclei (dark = basophilic)
Lipid Droplets
CELL INCLUSION in Liver
Sympathetic Ganglion
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Sympathetic Ganglion Idetification
Nucleus RER Nucleoli Satellite Cells Lipofuscin (CELL INCLUSION)
Examination of Sympathetic Ganglion Slide
Low Magnification:
Ganglionic neuron morphology - neuron cell body (with prominent nucleus and nucleoli and a basophilic cytoplasm) and neuronal fibers
High Magnification:
Surrounding dark satellite cells
Prominent RER (purple, basophilic)
Lipofuscin (CELL INCLUSION) = yellow to brown stain in cell body
Lipofuscin
CELL INCLUSION in Sympathetic Ganglion
Yellow to brown pigment in symmpathetic cells
Insoluble pigment that indicate the wear and tear of the cell
digestive remnents of organelles in cell
Lots of RER in Sympathetic Ganglion = ?
Nissl Bodies
Skin
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Epidermis and Dermis
Skin Identification
Epidermis
Dermis
Epithelial Cells
Melanin (CELL INCLUSION)
Examination of Skin Slide
Low Magnification:
Dark stained epidermis
Adjacent to lighter stained dermis
High Magnification:
At the basal layer of the epithelium (epidermis) = darkly stained brown pigment = melanin (CELL INCLUSION)
Epidermis vs Dermis
Epidermis - epithelium, created from the ectoderm, small extracellular matrix
Dermis - connective tissue, created from the mesoderm, large extracellular matrix
Melanin
CELL INCLUSION in Skin
Dark brown pigment in cytoplasm of the epithelium created by melanocytes in response to DNA damage
Protects nuclei from further damage
Melanocytes are derived from neural crest cells (drom ectoderm)
Uterus
Lumenal organ of the female reproductive tract
Active estrous cycle (Slide 2)
Uterus Identification
Lumen Uterine Glands Epithelium Mitotic Figures Blood Vessels Endometrium Myometrium Macrophages Hemosiderin (CELL INCLUSION)
Blood Vessels as well
Examination of Uterus Slide - Slide 1
Low Magnification:
Central lumen
Epithelial cells line the lumenal surface that invaginates the endometrium to form uterine glands (cross section)
Notice the difference between the inner endometrial layer (endoderm) and the outer myometrial layer (thick smooth muscle, mesoderm)
Blood vessels
High Magnification:
Examine the uterine glands - different stages of mitotic activity
Mitotic activity = mitotic figures
Why is it important to recognize mitotic figures?
Indicative of normal/abnormal growth and tissue repair
If not supposed to be reproducing, could = cancer
Uterine Glands
Created by invagination of epithelial cells into underlying endometrium
Active or quiet depending on phase of reproductive cycle (estrus, proestrus, diestrous, metestrous, anestrous)
High estrogen levels = cells proliferate = cells in various stages of mitosis
Low estrogen levels = no activity (mitosis)
Lowering Progesterone levels - vascular tissue regressing leaving some RBCs in the connective tissue proper
Examination of Uterus Slide - Slide 2
Low Magnification: Lumen Endometrium Uterine Glands Outer Myometrium
High Magnification:
Macrophages with yellow/brown pigment (hemosiderin (CELL INCLUSION)
and RBCs
Macrophages
Between uterine glands
large WBCs that have engulfed (phagocytized) erythrocytes
Derived from circulating WBCs called monocytes
Connective tissue cell
“big eater”
Hemorrhaging of RBCS around the uterine glands signals the macrophages
Contain Hemosiderin from the breakdown of ingested hemoglobin
Open-faced nucleus (round and indented)
Hemosiderin
CELL INCLUSION of Uterus
Indication of the cleaving a the heme molecule from hemoglobin from phagocitzing of RBCs by macrophages
Insoluble yellow/brown pigment
Macrophages DO NOT have to have hemosiderin
Hemosiderin is NOT only found in macrophages (common in macrophages however)
Cell Inclusions
Zygomagens - Pancreas Lipid Droplets - Liver Lipofuscin - Sympathetic Ganglion Malanin - Skin Hemosiderin - Uterus
