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My Notes > Anatomy - Bones, Muscles, and Joints > Flashcards

Anatomy - Bones, Muscles, and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Blood supply to the long bone

A

epiphysial (epiphysis), metaphysial (under growth plate), nutrient supply (passes in nutrient foramen, main blood supply, branches in bone), artery of bone marrow, periosteal (along bone on outside)

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2
Q

LOOK AT ALL DIAGRAMS IN NOTES AND NOTEBOOK

A
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3
Q

Most fibrous and cartilaginous joints are rigid and relatively immobile and are described as:

A

Synarthrosis

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4
Q

Bursa

A

Synovial membrane intercalated between tendon and bone

DIAGRAM

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5
Q

Muscle structure

A

Muscle fiber surrounded by endomysium

Fascia (bundle of fibers) surrounded by periomysium

Multiple fascia surrounded by epimysium

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6
Q

What are two forms of protection for tendon attached to bone?

A

Bursa (one area of tendon in danger) and synovial sheet (more of the tendon in need of protection; held there by retinaculum

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7
Q

More movable, usually distal attachment

A

Insertion

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8
Q

Sycondrosis

A

Most of cartilagenous joints

many disappear but joint between hyoid apparatus and skull is the most popular one the has not disappeared

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9
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the median plane

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10
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers

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11
Q

Diathrosis

A

Most synovial joints are highly movable and described as:

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12
Q

Ossification centers of bones

A

Long bone - 1 diaphysial and 2 epiphysial centers

Short bone - one ossification center

Flat and Irregular bones - variable number of ossification centers

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13
Q

Connect bone to bone in order to stabilize joints and prevent unwarranted movement

A

Ligament

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14
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds entire muscle

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15
Q

Woven bone between the growth plate and diaphysis:

A

Metaphysis

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16
Q

Movement toward the median plane

A

Adduction

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17
Q

Rotation

A

Movement of a part around it’s long axis, direction of rotation is designated by the direction of movement of the cranial or dorsal surface; involves entire long axis of bone

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18
Q

Endomysium

A

Surrounds individual muscle fibers

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19
Q

Metaphysis

A

Woven bone between the growth plate and diaphysis:

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20
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Occurs where bones are united with dense connective tissue

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21
Q

Osteochondrisis dessicans

A

Caused by failure of normal cartilage formation of leaving a flap of cartilage on bone. Most commonly and shoulder, elbow, and stifle joint. It is caused by incomplete calcification.

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22
Q

Provide form and support to the body.Protect soft tissues.Act as levers to facilitate locomotion.Have a role in blood cell formation.Maintain mineral homeostasis.

A

General functions of bones:

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23
Q

Occurs where bones are united with dense connective tissue

A

Fibrous joints

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24
Q

For a muscle to affect a joint…

A

…it must pass over the joint

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25
Q

Movement away from the median plane

A

Abduction

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26
Q

Flat, wide, thin sheet of tissue serving as muscle attachment

A

Aponeurosis

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27
Q

Band of dense regular tissue binding down muscle tendons as they pass over bone surfaces

A

Retinaculum

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28
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Most fibrous and cartilaginous joints are rigid and relatively immobile and are described as:

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29
Q

Synovial sheet

A

Synovial membrane wrapped around a tendon as it passes over bone

DIAGRAM

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30
Q

Surrounds entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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31
Q

Insertion

A

More movable, usually distal attachment

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32
Q

Towards the leg, retinaculum becomes more like…

A

…tendons

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33
Q

Stabilizes a joint

A

Fixator

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34
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement of a part in a circular motion as outlining the surface of the cone but not involving entire long axis of bone

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35
Q

Agonist

A

Any muscle that produces a certain effect.

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36
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Flat, wide, thin sheet of tissue (tendon) serving as muscle attachment (runs along side muscle to help attsch to tendon

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37
Q

Any muscle that produces a certain effect.

A

Agonist

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38
Q

Fixator

A

Stabilizes a joint

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39
Q

Surrounds individual muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

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40
Q

Sutures

A

type of fibrous joint

between bones of skull

important in young but gradually ossify in older animals

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41
Q

Long bones, irregular bones, short bones, pneumatic bones, heterotropic or splanchic bones, flat bones, sesamoid bones

A

Seven classes of bones:

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42
Q

Two divisions of the skeleton:

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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43
Q

Movement of one bone in relation to another such that the angle of the joint is reduced

A

Flexion

44
Q

The muscle which produces the opposite action to counteract the agonist.

A

Antagonist

45
Q

What is the structure and parts of a long bone?

A

Structure - compact bone, medullary cavity//spongy bone (contains bone marrow), periosteum, endosteum, articular cartilage, and epiphysial cartilage (growth plate or physis)

Parts of long bone - epiphysis (contains physis), metaphysis, and diaphysis (compact bone)

DIAGRAM

46
Q

Retinaculum

A

Band of dense regular tissue binding down muscle tendons as they pass over bone surfaces

DIAGRAM

47
Q

Growth plate is made up of:

A

Epiphysial cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

48
Q

Synergist

A

Support agonist action and eliminate unwanted effects.

49
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Occurs where bones are united by cartilage

50
Q

More fixed, least movable, usually proximal attachment

A

Origin

51
Q

Seven classes of bones:

A

Long bones - femur

Irregular bones - vertebrae

short bones - digits

pneumatic bones - air filled bones - frontal bones w/ frontal sinus (all bones of chicken

heterotropic or splanchic bones - formed in soft tissue - penis

flat bones - scapula

sesamoid bones - bones w/in tendons; form synovial joints with major bones - patella

52
Q

Antagonist

A

The muscle which produces the opposite action to counteract the agonist.

53
Q

Fibrous layer of joint capsule may form thickenings that stable the joint and are called:

A

Collateral ligaments

54
Q

Symphysis

A

Type of cartilagenous bone

Between 2 symmetrical halves ( ex - pelvis, mandible, etc)

55
Q

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

A

Two divisions of the skeleton:

56
Q

Muscle characteristics

A

contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity

57
Q

Collateral ligaments

A

Fibrous layer of joint capsule may form thickenings that stable the joint and are called:

58
Q

Support agonist action and eliminate unwanted effects.

A

Synergist

59
Q

Occurs where bones are united by cartilage

A

Cartilaginous joints

60
Q

Fleshy contractile part of muscle

A

Muscle belly

61
Q

Structure of synovial joint

A

Articular cartilage, joint capsule (inner synovial membrane and outer fibrous layer), periosteum, compact bone, synovial cavity (synovia), and synovial fluid

DIAGRAM

62
Q

Complex and bones are separated by fluid filled cavity

A

Synovial joint

63
Q

Synovial joint

A

Complex and bones are separated by fluid filled cavity

64
Q

Movement of a part in a circular motion as outlining the surface of the cone but not involving entire long axis of bone

A

Circumduction

65
Q

Attaches bone to muscle

A

Tendon

66
Q

Types of cartilagenous joints

A

syncondrosis and symphesis

67
Q

Synovial membrane wrapped around a tendon as it passes over bone

A

Synovial sheet

68
Q

Syndesmoses

A

Type of fibrous joint

between 2 bones (ex - radius and ulnea)

forms a ligament

69
Q

Surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers

A

Perimysium

70
Q

Joint Capsule

A

Attached to margins of bones forming joint

Inner synovial membrane and sometimes outer fibrous joint (to form thickenings called “collateral ligaments” to stabalize joints

Synovial fluid can be collected for diagnoses

where drugs are injected to treat joints

71
Q

Caused by failure of normal cartilage formation of leaving a flap of cartilage on bone. Most commonly and shoulder, elbow, and stifle joint. It is caused by incomplete calcification.

A

Osteochondrisis dessicans

72
Q

Most synovial joints are highly movable and descrioibed as:

A

Diathrosis

73
Q

Tendon

A

Tough fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to muscle

Similar to ligament (bone to bone) and fascia (muscle to muscle)

Collagen based

74
Q

Movement of one bone in relation to another such that the angle formed by the joint is increased

A

Extension

75
Q

Extension

A

Movement of one bone in relation to another such that the angle formed by the joint is increased

76
Q

Muscle belly

A

Fleshy contractile part of muscle

77
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the median plane

78
Q

Epiphysial cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

A

Growth plate is made up of:

79
Q

Bones act as ——— for muscles to create different types of motion

A

levers

80
Q

Ligament

A

Connect bone to bone in order to stabilize joints and prevent unwarranted movement

81
Q

Origin

A

More fixed, least movable, usually proximal attachment

82
Q

General functions of bones:

A

Provide form and support to the body.Protect soft tissues.Act as levers to facilitate locomotion.Have a role in blood cell formation.Maintain mineral homeostasis.

83
Q

Synovial membrane intercalated between tendon and bone

A

Bursa

84
Q

Flexion

A

Movement of one bone in relation to another such that the angle of the joint is reduced

85
Q

Movement of a part around it’s long axis, direction of rotation is designated by the direction of movement of the cranial or dorsal surface; involves entire long axis of bone

A

Rotation

86
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures and syndesmoses and Gomphosis (tooth)

87
Q

A

88
Q

Fibrous and cartilagenous joints are ——- and ——- & synovial joints are ———

A

rigid and relatively immobile

highly movable

89
Q

2 types of cartilagenous joints

A

Syncondrosis and symphysis

90
Q

Another name for spongy bone is…

A

Cancellous bone

91
Q

Accessory ossification centers

A

Anconal of the ulna

Medial coronoid process of the ulna

Caudal glenoid region of the scapula

Acetabular rim of pelvic limb

92
Q

———————— = physis on immature bone

———————— = physis on mature bone

A

Epiphyseal plate

Epiphyseal line

93
Q

What is the part of the bone under the articular cartilage?

A

Subchondylar Bone

94
Q

The axial skeleton is made up of the…

A

skull

hyoid apparatus

verterbrae

ribs

sternum

95
Q

Shoulder girdle = ?

Pelvic = ?

A

Scapula and clavicle

Ox Coxae

96
Q

First and last sternebrae = ?

A

Palpable landmarks

97
Q

How many sternebrae are there?

A

8

98
Q

How would you desctibe the mandible symphysis?

A

Fibrocartilagenous

99
Q

7 types of synovial joints

A

Plane - vertebrae

Hinge - elbow

Sadle - digits to phalanges

Elipsoidal - tardals to metatarsals

Spheroidal - ball and socket

Condylar - knee

Pivot - atlantoaxial joint

100
Q

Special vertebrae

A

C6 - largest trasnverse processes

C7 - no more transverse foramina

T11 - Anticinal vertebrae - spinous process straight up (caudal b4 and cranial after)

101
Q

Differences in diameter of ———————- causes wobbler condition in large breed dogs

A

Vertebral foramen

102
Q

What are the parts of the intervertebral disc

A

Anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulpossus (inner)

103
Q

Head Joints

A

Temporomandibular Joint - chondylar synovial joint - condylar process (mandible) with mandibular fossa (zygomatic process of temporal bone)

Mandibular Symphysis - fibrocartilagenous - two bodies of mandible

Atlanto-Occipital Joint - chondylar synovial joint - occipital condyles to cranial articular fovea of atlas (no joint)

104
Q

Vertebral Joints

A

Atlanto-Occipital Joint - chondylar synovial joint - occipital condyles to cranial articular fovea of atlas (no joint)

Atlanto-Axial Joint - pivot synovial joint - caudal articular fovea of the atlas to the cranial articular surface of the axis (yes joint)

Dorsal Atlanto-Axial Ligament - dorsal, arch of the atlas and spine of the axis

Intervertebral Disk - anulus fibrosus + nucleus pulposus - between the bodies of the vertebrae

Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament - floor of the vertebral canal

Yellow Ligament - above the spinal cord - extend between the vertebral arches to cover the space between the articular processes

Supraspinous Ligament - connects the apices of the spinous processes from C3-T1

Nuchal Ligament - cranial continuation of the supraspinous ligament

Sacrotuberous ligament - sacrum to ishiatic tuberosity (not present in cats)

105
Q

Joints of ribs to vertebrae

A

Head of rib to cranial and caudal costal fovea of vertebrae

Tubercle of rib to transverse processes of vertebrae

Intercapital Ligament - connect rib heads from T1-T10 = stabalizes intervertebral disks preventing intervertebral disk herniation

My Notes (25 decks)

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