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Skin MS: Week 6 > Histology: Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Histology: Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage origin

A

Mesenchyme

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2
Q

Cartilage considered _____ tissue

A

Considered specialized CT due to supportive properties

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3
Q

What is this tissue?

A

Hyaline Cartilage - shown w/ perichondrium

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4
Q

Label

A

Blue - osteoid

Red cells - osteoblasts

isolated cells - osteocytes

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5
Q

Differences between Bone and Cartilage

A

Bone matrix can become mineralized. If cartilage matrix mineralizes it will degenerate

Cartilage is avascular, bone is highly vascular

Cartilage lacks nerve innervation

Cartilage growth is appositional and interstitial; bone grows only appositionally

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6
Q

Cartilage cell types

A

chondroblasts – active

chondrocytes – considered to be inactive

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7
Q

Cell morphology (Cartilage)

A

lacunae

few mitochondria – predominantly anaerobic

typical Golgi, RER

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8
Q

Cartilage matrix is 60-80% _______

A

Water

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9
Q

Cartilage matrix contains

A

Ground substance and fibers

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10
Q

Cartilage ground substance contains

A

proteoglycan (aggrecan - hyaluronate - extremely hydrophilic, binds water to create stiff gel) and glycoproteins (chondronectin - help bind various components of cartilage)

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11
Q

Cartilage matrix fibers

A

Collagen (+elastin for elastic cartilage)

Microfibrillar

Difficult to see d/t same refractive index as ground substance

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12
Q

Cartilage matrix is _________ (blood/lymph)

A

Avascular

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13
Q

Cartilage types

A

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

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14
Q

Most common cartilage

A

Hyaline

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15
Q

Hyaline cartilage locations

A

Fetal skeleton, epiphyseal plate in children

nose, larynx, trachea, ribs articular cartilage in adult

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16
Q

Morphology of Hyaline Cartilage

glossy, collagenous fibers (Type ____) difficult to see

______ with 2 or more chondrocytes = ________

outer layer = ___________

A

glossy, collagenous fibers (Type II) difficult to see

lacunae with 2 or more chondrocytes = isogenous group

perichondrium

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17
Q

Perichondrium of hyaline cartilage (fibrous layer, chondrogenic zone, function, articular cartilage)

A

fibrous layer – contains fibroblasts and type I collagen

chondrogenic zone – contains chondroblasts

function

protection

continuous supply of chondrocytes

lacking on articular surface of articular cartilage

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18
Q

Hyaline cartilage nutrition

A

diffusion – matrix is permeable to nutrients, oxygen and metabolic waste

mineralization prevents diffusion

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19
Q

Growth of hyaline cartilage (appositional, interstitial, regeneration)

A

appositional – addition of chondroblasts onto surface

interstitial – mitotic activity of chondroblasts (formation of isogenous nests) and synthesis of matrix - note: not possible in bone

regeneration of damaged cartilage is difficult

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20
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A

pinna of ear, eustachian tube, external auditory canal

epiglottis, some laryngeal cartilages

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21
Q

Elastic Cartilage morphology

abundance of ______ fibers

______ fibers and ground substance also present

higher density of _________ than hyaline

_______________ (outer layer)

A

abundance of elastic fibers

collagen (Type II) and ground substance also present

higher density of cells/isogenous nests than hyaline

perichondrium

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22
Q

Nutrition of elastic cartilage

A

Same as hyaline cartilage (diffusion)

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23
Q

Fibrocartilage Locations

A

Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, tendon/ligament attachments

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24
Q

Fibrocartilage morphology:

large ______ fibers (____)

_______ in ground substance

_____ cells per unit area

Perichondrium?

A

large collagenous fibers (Type I)

reduction in ground substance

fewer cells per unit area

no perichondrium

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25
Q

Herniated intervertebral disc

A

Rupture of annulus fibrosis allowing expulsion of nucleus pulposus

Dislocation of annulus and compression of spinal cord

Fibrocartilage

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26
Q

General Characteristics of Bone

A

Dynamic - living tissue, Undergoes continuous remodeling, repair

Structural support

Calcium reservoir

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27
Q

Bones contains ____% of body calcium and for what purpose

A

99%

Mineral metastasis

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28
Q

3 bone cell types

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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29
Q

Bone matrix contains

A

Ground substance, type I collagen, minerals (ca, MN, FE, SR)

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30
Q

Bone is _____ vascular/innervated (vs cartilage)

A

Bone is HIGHLY innervated/vascular - cartilage is not

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31
Q

Osteoblast function

A

synthesis of organic matrix = osteoid prior to mineralization

deposition of inorganic components

alkaline phosphatase secretion → concentrate phosphate ions → organic matrix (calcium added)

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32
Q

Osteoblast location and appearance

A

Bone surface

cuboidal to columnar when active

basophilic

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33
Q

Cell process of osteoblasts

A

in contact with neighboring osteoblasts

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34
Q

Osteoblasts have receptors for ____

A

receptors for parathyroid hormone: binding of parathyroid hormone causes release of osteoclast stimulating factor from the osteoblast

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35
Q

Osteoblasts –>

A

Osteocytes (completely surrounded by matrix)

36
Q

Osteocytes have ______ protein synthesis (compared to osteoblasts)

A

Reduced

37
Q

Function of osteocytes

A

maintenance of matrix and regulation of calcium; death of osteocyte → resorption of the matrix

38
Q

Osteocytes are located in __________

A

lacunae

39
Q

Osteocyte cell processes

A

canaliculi = channels through matrix for osteocyte processes

Used to be “arms” of osteoblasts - now canaliculi

40
Q

Osteocyte communicationn

A

communicate via gap junctions

cell-cell coordination

nutrient transfer

41
Q

Describe and function

A

Sharpey’s fibers: anchor periosteum to bone

42
Q

What are black dots?

A

Osteocytes - cells that are alive, communicated via caniculi/gap junctions

43
Q

label zones of epiphyseal plate

A

Resting

Proliferative

Hypertrophic

Calcified Cartilage

Ossification

44
Q

Large multinucleated motile bone cells

A

osteoclasts

45
Q

Osteoclasts are responsible for

A

bone resorption

46
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from ______ and amitotic/mitotic

A

derived from circulating monocytes (not “related” to osteoblasts/osteocytes)

amitotic

47
Q

Osteoclast ruffled border and process

A

“Ruffled border” - where osteoclast lies against bony surface

Membranes pump H+ into sub-osteoclastic compartment

Lower pH and mineral is liberated

Minerals enter osteoclast and are then delivered to nearby capillaries

Osteoclast secretes lysosomal hydrolases, collagenase, and gelatinase into sub-osteoclastic compartment

Degrade organic components of decalcified bone matrix

Degradation products are endocytosed by osteoclast

Broken down into amino acids, monosaccharides, and disaccharides and released into capillaries

48
Q

Howship’s Lacunae

A

regions of resorbed matrix containing an osteoclast - looks like a depression in surface of bone w/ osteoclast

49
Q

Bone matrix composition

A

Inorganic (mostly calcium) and organic (type 1 collagen and ground substance)

50
Q

Organic part of bone matrix

A

type I collagen

ground substance

chondroitin sulfate form proteoglycan

hyaluronate aggregates

glycoproteins: osteonectin; osteocalcin; osteopontin → bind everything to everything else

51
Q

Types of bone

A

Cancellous, compact

primary, secondary

52
Q

Cancellous bone

A

spicules or trabeculae of bone united to form network

found in interior of bone (e.g. idploe of skull, ends of long bones)

53
Q

Compact bone

A

found on bone exteriors

dense, thick layers

54
Q

Primary bone

A

first bone tissue to appear during growth or repair

woven bone

irregular array of collagen fibers

55
Q

Secondary bone

A

replaces primary bone

parallel arrays of collagen

lamellar deposition of matrix

production of Haversian systems

56
Q

Diaphysis of long bone

A

bone shaft between opposing epiphyseal plates

primarily compact bone, but metaphysis is cancellous (spongy)

periosteum

endosteum

marrow cavity

57
Q

Metaphysis of long bone

A

distal end of diaphysis

cancellous/spongy

58
Q

Epiphysis of long bone

A

distal end of long bone

articular hyaline cartilage cap (no perichondrium - just adjacent to synovial fluid)

medullary cavity is cancellous with marrow cavity

59
Q

Epiphyseal plate of long bone

A

junction between diaphysis and epiphysis

hyaline cartilage in a child

perichondrium continuous with periosteum

Responsible for bone growth

60
Q

Periosteum of compact bone

A

fibrous layer

-fibroblasts, collagen, elastin, protection of bone

Osteogenic layer (can’t normally see, unless fracture/growing)

  • Osteoblasts adjacent to bone surface, Osteoclasts if remodeling is underway, Osteoprogenitor cells – precursors to osteoblasts

Blood vessels, nerves

Sharpey’s fibers: anchor periosteum to bone

61
Q

endosteum of compact bone

A

between bone marrow and bone matrix

layer of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and few osteogenic cells

62
Q

Haversian System (Osteon)

A

concentric lamellae of bone

usually don’t exceed 10/osteon

canaliculi (little processes) of osteocytes

plane of collagen deposition perpendicular to adjacent lamellae - strength

surround vascular passageways running longitudinally

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics

63
Q

Volkmann’s Canals

A

vascular passageways running radially

not surrounded by bone lamellae

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics → Haversian canals or bone marrow cavity

64
Q

Interstitial Lamellae of compact bone

A

remnants of partly resorbed osteons (incomplete osteons visible between complete osteons)

no vessels

65
Q

Outer Circumfrential Lamellae of compact bone

A

beneath periosteum

usually do not completely encircle bone shaft

66
Q

Inner circumfrential lamellae of compact bone

A

adjacent to endosteum

incomplete

67
Q

Bone development: _______ growth only

A

Appositional Growth Only (cannot grow by interstitial growth - mineralized)

osteocytes are amitotic

calcified matrix cannot expand - deposit onto already existing bone

68
Q

Types of bone development

A

intramembranous, endochondral ossification

Note: both types of ossification result in compact and cancellous bone tissue formation

69
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

embryonic CT precursor

CT template is vascular

gives rise to “membrane” bones = Skull, mandible, maxilla, clavicles

70
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

hyaline cartilage precursor/template

cartilage is avascular

calcified cartilage matrix is removed

71
Q

Intramembranous ossification: Primary Ossifcation center, Mineralization of Matrix, Spicule Formation, Cancellous and compact bone

A

differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts, osteoid secretion

encapsulation of osteoblasts –> osteocytes, immature woven bone, mature lamellar bone

small mineralized “fingers” of bone, surrounded by osteoblasts, fusion of adjacent spicules –> trabeculae

depends on degree of lamellar bone deposition and spacing of spicule and trabeculae

72
Q

Endochondral ossification: bone collar formation

A

intramembranous ossification around diaphysis of cartilage template

prevents diffusion into cartilage matrix

calcification of cartilage matrix

hypertrophy and destruction of chondrocytes

resorption of matrix surrounding chondrocytes

73
Q

Endochondral ossification: Primary Ossification Center

A

osteogenic bud invasion

penetration of calcified cartilage by capillaries

introduction of osteoprogenitor cells

differentiation of osteoprogenitors into osteoblasts

deposition of bone matrix on remnants of cartilage matrix

first appearance of bone marrow precursors

osteoclast resorption of cartilage matrix and remodeling of bone spicules, formation of medullary cavity

expansion of bone collar

further calcification of cartilage

longitudinal expansion of bone deposition

74
Q

Endochondral Ossification: Secondary OC

A

ossification of epiphysis

no bone collar formation

bone growth is radial

articular cartilage remains

epiphyseal cartilage continues appositional and interstitial growth

75
Q

Ossification of Epiphyseal cartilage

A

Five zones based on chondrocyte disposition

Closure of epiphyseal plate in young adult

76
Q

5 zones based on chondrocyte diposition

A

resting – normal hyaline cartilage

proliferative – high mitotic activity, columns of isogenous nests formed (stack of pancakes)

hypertrophic – glycogen accumulation, very little matrix

calcified – death of chondrocytes, deposition of hydroxyapatite + calcification

ossification – osteoblasts and bone matrix appear

77
Q

Synovial Joint

A

Synovial membrane, matrix, blood and lymphatic vessels

78
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Fibroblasts (type B cells) - secrete synovial fluid, hyaluronate and GAGs - viscosity, hydrophilic, lubrication of joint, provides nutrients for articular cartilage

macrophages (type A cells)

not an epithelium (epithelioid-like though)

79
Q

Synovial joint matrix

A

collagen

ground substance

adipose cells

80
Q

Bone plasticity

A

stress induced remodeling (i.e. braces)

fracture

disuse

hormone changes, developmental and pathological

81
Q

Bone- calcium homeostasis, 2 hormones

A

99% of body calcium is in bone

Parathyroid hormone – increases Ca resorption

stimulates osteoclast activity (via binding to parathyroid hormone receptors on osteoblasts) and osteoclast numbers

resorption of matrix

Calcitonin – promotes calcium deposition

inhibits osteoclast activity

matrix deposition

Produced by Thyroid gland

82
Q

Scurvy

A

vitamin C deficiency

improper collagen synthesis (hydroxyproline)

weakness in epiphyseal plate, diaphysis

loosening of teeth

83
Q

Rickets

A

calcium deficiency in children

Incomplete bone matrix calcification

spicules distort under strain → bone deformation

84
Q

Osteomalacia

A

calcium deficiency in adults

deficient calcification of new bone

decalcification of existing bone

no bone distortion

85
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Most common in postmenopausal women

Bone tissue diminished – due to a more rapid destruction of bone by osteoclasts than osteoblast formation of bone

Estrogen therapy helps alleviate this tendency but has many side effects (cancer, heart attacks), bisphosphonates more common now

86
Q
A

Skin MS: Week 6 (12 decks)

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