HISTOLOGY - Blood Flashcards
What is Blood Comprised of, their percentages and their subcomponents?
1) Plasma (55%)
- Water, proteins, electrolytes
2) Buffy Coat (1%)
- WBCs (leukocytes)
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
3) Hematocrit (44%) (Males: 39-50% // Women: 35-45%)
- RBCs (erythrocytes)
What is PCV?
Packed Cell Volume
Volume of RBCs in a sample of blood
What happens to buffy coat during infections?
It increases it’s overall percentage of blood due to more WBCs need to fight infection
What percentage of blood is water?
90%
How long is an RBC alive?
120 days
What is Serum?
Blood plasma without clotting factors
What are some functions of blood?
1) O2 and
What are the three proteins in plasma
albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
What is Albumin
- Most abundant protein in the blood plasma
- Synthesized in the liver
Function:
1) Establish a concentraton gradient in the blood
WHY???
Because water follows albumin so when albumin is low (no protein = Kwashkior!!!), water rushes out of the blood and into the tissues
2) Carrier protein — helps drugs not be metabolized quickly in the blood
What is Globulin
1 of 3 main proteins in blood plasmas
Types
1) Immunoglobulin (y-globulin) —– ANTIBODIES
2) Non-Immunoglobulins (a-,b-globulin)
-Makes proteins for plasmas membrane and coagulation factors
What is Fibrinogen
- 1 of 3 plasma proteins
- LARGEST of the three proteins in terms of SIZE
- Synthesized in the liver
Function
CLOT FORMATION
-Interacts w/ Thrombin to make Fibrin
What is fibrin?
What are these cells and why are they important
Reticulocytes
-Anucleuate, immature RBCs that, at 3 Days after “birth”, eject their nucleus to become Reticulocytes before becoming full-on, RBCs
Increase/Decrease in them can indicate a problem
Interstitial fluid
Fluid surrounding cells in the tisasues that is derived from blood plasma
Lack of what nutrient can lead to hemlolytic anemia?
Folic Acid
CLINICAL
What is Anemia?
Decrease in Hemoglobin
Most Anemia’s caused by a decrease in RBCs because of:
1) Blood loss
2) Insufficient RBC production
3) Hemolytic anemia due to no Fe, folic acid or VitB12
Symptoms:
-Fatigue, weakness, dizziness, pale skin, difficulty concentrating
CLINICAL
Sickle Cell Disease
Point mutation in Beta-globin chain of Hemoglobin
- Turns HbA into HbS (glutamic acid –> valine)
- HbS causes the sickle shape during dehydration, low O2 because it precipitates out of blood
- Homozygotes = 85% are symptommatic
- Heterozygotes = <40% symptomatic
Why are sickled RBC’s bad?
-Makes blood vicous and fragile (only 20 day lifespan)
During low O2/dehydration, the cells will pile up, blocking large and small blood vessels and can cause Acute Chest Syndrome - leading cause of death in sickle cell patients
CLINICAL
Jaundice
Yellow appearence of skin and eyes from build-up of Bilirubin (pigment in RBCs) in the blood
Causes:
1) Destruction of circulating RBCs (i.e. alcohol)
2) Inefficiency of liver in NEWBORNS
What is the normal count of leukocytes in the blood?
5,000 - 10,000 cells/mcl
What are the most abundant to least abundant WBCs in the blood?
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
1) Neutrophils
2) Lymphocytes
3) Monocytes
4) Eosinophils
5) Basophils
What are the granulocytes? What are agranulocytes?
Granulocytes (All The Feels)
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes, monocytes
What is diapedesis?
Movement of WBCs from the blood, through the vessels and into the area of infection
Erythrocytes
- Bag of hemoglobin
- Biconcave disc (increases surface area for O2)
- 4-6 million/mcl
Reticulocytes
- Immature, annucleated RBCs
- After approx. 3 days, the growing cell ejects the nuclease and become a reticulocyte before soon becoming a full RBC
How Many? 0.5-1.5% of RBC count —-> count change indicates malignancy
Neutrophils
-Most numerous (50-70% of all WBCs circulating)
Function:
1) Acute inflammation and tissue injury
2) Fighting off BACTERIA
Has granules:
- Azurophilic granules
- Specific granules
What are the difference between azurophilic granules and specific granules in Neutrophils?
Azurophilic - lysosomes with myeloperoxidase (kills foreign substances)
Specific - various enzymes peptides /// activates COMPLEMENT system
Bands
Immature neutrophils released during serious infection — “Left Shift”
-Contain a banded nucleus
Eosinophils
Bi-lobed nucleus
Function:
- Respond to parasites and allergies
- may also help in chronic inflammation
Basophils
-Deep Purple stain
Function:
-Allergic reactions (Type I Hypersensitivity) — does this along with Mast Cells
Lymphocytes
-Large nucleus, small cytoplasmic ring
Function:
- Immune response
- Differentiates into T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells
- VIRAL and FUNGAL infection
Monocytes
-Large, heart-shaped nucleus
Function:
- Phagocytosis
- Monocytes: in blood
- Macrophages: in tissues
Kupffer cells - pancrease
Osteoclasts - bone
Microglia - brain
Thromobocytes
- Small, membrane bound cell fragments circulating through the bloodstream
- Derive from Megakaryocytes
- Large cells that live in bone marrow and secrete cytoplasm into bloodstream as platelets
Function:
Hemostasis!!!
What is the process of Hemostasis? Key players?
The process of clotting blood
1) Platelets release serotonin – causes vasoconstriction to limit blood through area
2) Platelets release ADP & Thromboxane A2 — forms primary platelet plug
3) Fibrin forms net-like web which is the secondary plug that finishes the job
