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MSK Test 2 - LE > HISTOLOGY - Blood > Flashcards

HISTOLOGY - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is Blood Comprised of, their percentages and their subcomponents?

A

1) Plasma (55%)
- Water, proteins, electrolytes
2) Buffy Coat (1%)
- WBCs (leukocytes)
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
3) Hematocrit (44%) (Males: 39-50% // Women: 35-45%)
- RBCs (erythrocytes)

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2
Q

What is PCV?

A

Packed Cell Volume

Volume of RBCs in a sample of blood

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3
Q

What happens to buffy coat during infections?

A

It increases it’s overall percentage of blood due to more WBCs need to fight infection

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4
Q

What percentage of blood is water?

A

90%

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5
Q

How long is an RBC alive?

A

120 days

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6
Q

What is Serum?

A

Blood plasma without clotting factors

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7
Q

What are some functions of blood?

A

1) O2 and

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8
Q

What are the three proteins in plasma

A

albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

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9
Q

What is Albumin

A
  • Most abundant protein in the blood plasma
  • Synthesized in the liver

Function:

1) Establish a concentraton gradient in the blood

WHY???

Because water follows albumin so when albumin is low (no protein = Kwashkior!!!), water rushes out of the blood and into the tissues

2) Carrier protein — helps drugs not be metabolized quickly in the blood

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10
Q

What is Globulin

A

1 of 3 main proteins in blood plasmas

Types

1) Immunoglobulin (y-globulin) —– ANTIBODIES
2) Non-Immunoglobulins (a-,b-globulin)

-Makes proteins for plasmas membrane and coagulation factors

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11
Q

What is Fibrinogen

A
  • 1 of 3 plasma proteins
  • LARGEST of the three proteins in terms of SIZE
  • Synthesized in the liver

Function

CLOT FORMATION

-Interacts w/ Thrombin to make Fibrin

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12
Q

What is fibrin?

A
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13
Q

What are these cells and why are they important

A

Reticulocytes

-Anucleuate, immature RBCs that, at 3 Days after “birth”, eject their nucleus to become Reticulocytes before becoming full-on, RBCs

Increase/Decrease in them can indicate a problem

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14
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid surrounding cells in the tisasues that is derived from blood plasma

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15
Q

Lack of what nutrient can lead to hemlolytic anemia?

A

Folic Acid

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16
Q

CLINICAL

What is Anemia?

A

Decrease in Hemoglobin

Most Anemia’s caused by a decrease in RBCs because of:

1) Blood loss
2) Insufficient RBC production
3) Hemolytic anemia due to no Fe, folic acid or VitB12

Symptoms:

-Fatigue, weakness, dizziness, pale skin, difficulty concentrating

17
Q

CLINICAL

Sickle Cell Disease

A

Point mutation in Beta-globin chain of Hemoglobin

  • Turns HbA into HbS (glutamic acid –> valine)
  • HbS causes the sickle shape during dehydration, low O2 because it precipitates out of blood
  • Homozygotes = 85% are symptommatic
  • Heterozygotes = <40% symptomatic
18
Q

Why are sickled RBC’s bad?

A

-Makes blood vicous and fragile (only 20 day lifespan)

During low O2/dehydration, the cells will pile up, blocking large and small blood vessels and can cause Acute Chest Syndrome - leading cause of death in sickle cell patients

19
Q

CLINICAL

Jaundice

A

Yellow appearence of skin and eyes from build-up of Bilirubin (pigment in RBCs) in the blood

Causes:

1) Destruction of circulating RBCs (i.e. alcohol)
2) Inefficiency of liver in NEWBORNS

20
Q

What is the normal count of leukocytes in the blood?

A

5,000 - 10,000 cells/mcl

21
Q

What are the most abundant to least abundant WBCs in the blood?

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

1) Neutrophils
2) Lymphocytes
3) Monocytes
4) Eosinophils
5) Basophils

22
Q

What are the granulocytes? What are agranulocytes?

A

Granulocytes (All The Feels)

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes, monocytes

23
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Movement of WBCs from the blood, through the vessels and into the area of infection

24
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • Bag of hemoglobin
  • Biconcave disc (increases surface area for O2)
  • 4-6 million/mcl
25
Q

Reticulocytes

A
  • Immature, annucleated RBCs
  • After approx. 3 days, the growing cell ejects the nuclease and become a reticulocyte before soon becoming a full RBC

How Many? 0.5-1.5% of RBC count —-> count change indicates malignancy

26
Q

Neutrophils

A

-Most numerous (50-70% of all WBCs circulating)

Function:

1) Acute inflammation and tissue injury
2) Fighting off BACTERIA

Has granules:

  • Azurophilic granules
  • Specific granules
27
Q

What are the difference between azurophilic granules and specific granules in Neutrophils?

A

Azurophilic - lysosomes with myeloperoxidase (kills foreign substances)

Specific - various enzymes peptides /// activates COMPLEMENT system

28
Q

Bands

A

Immature neutrophils released during serious infection — “Left Shift”

-Contain a banded nucleus

29
Q

Eosinophils

A

Bi-lobed nucleus

Function:

  • Respond to parasites and allergies
  • may also help in chronic inflammation
30
Q

Basophils

A

-Deep Purple stain

Function:

-Allergic reactions (Type I Hypersensitivity) — does this along with Mast Cells

31
Q

Lymphocytes

A

-Large nucleus, small cytoplasmic ring

Function:

  • Immune response
  • Differentiates into T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells
  • VIRAL and FUNGAL infection
32
Q

Monocytes

A

-Large, heart-shaped nucleus

Function:

  • Phagocytosis
  • Monocytes: in blood
  • Macrophages: in tissues

Kupffer cells - pancrease

Osteoclasts - bone

Microglia - brain

33
Q

Thromobocytes

A
  • Small, membrane bound cell fragments circulating through the bloodstream
  • Derive from Megakaryocytes
  • Large cells that live in bone marrow and secrete cytoplasm into bloodstream as platelets

Function:

Hemostasis!!!

34
Q

What is the process of Hemostasis? Key players?

A

The process of clotting blood

1) Platelets release serotonin – causes vasoconstriction to limit blood through area
2) Platelets release ADP & Thromboxane A2 — forms primary platelet plug
3) Fibrin forms net-like web which is the secondary plug that finishes the job

MSK Test 2 - LE (20 decks)

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