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Histology Fall 2012 > Histology Blood 11.14.12 > Flashcards

Histology Blood 11.14.12 Flashcards

1
Q

What isthe composition of blood?

A

Plamsa nd Formed elemetns

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2
Q

What are the fomred elements?

A

Ertythrocytes
Platelets
Leukocytes (Granular and Agranular)

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3
Q

What are teh granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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4
Q

What are the Agranular Leukocytes

A

T and B Lymphs

Monocytes

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5
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

an estiate of the volume of formed elemetns in relation to the total BV

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6
Q

How to measure HCT

A

in tubes with heparin (to prevent clotting)

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7
Q

Top layer
Buffy Coat
Bottom Layer

A
  1. plamsa (lightest, supernatatn)
  2. RBC/Serum interface= high WBC concentration and platelets
  3. RBCs , 40-45% of the total BV
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8
Q

Difference between plasma and serum

A

Plasma is liquid part of blood that remains after the cells have been removed, but which STILL CONTAINS CLOTTING ELEMENTS

SERUM- blodo form which cells and clotting elements have been removed by allowing the blodo to clot, then centrifuging to remove the cellualr clot

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9
Q

What are the proteins that are present in Plasma

A

Albumin- most abundant plasma protein, 80% of total osmotic pressure of the plamsa; synthesized

Alpha globulins
Beta globulins
Gamma-globulins
Fibrinogen

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10
Q

What does RBC and platelets fucntion?

A

within the blood vasculatoure

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11
Q

Where do WBCs have their effects?

A

EXCEPT FOR BASOPHILS, WBs exit vessels and exert their effects within body tissue

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12
Q

What maintains the shape of Erythrocytes?

A

by subplasmalemma cytoskelton

(Spectrin, Actin, and band 4.1 protein ) that is connected to lipid bilayer by ANKRYIN

Within the bilayer are intergral proteins such as glycophorins, ion channels, andn band 3 protein (AE1, an anion transporte)

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13
Q

What causes spherocytosis

A

snkyrin or spctrin mutatinso cause cytoskeleton to separte from plasmalemma

RBCs adapt spehrical shape and are osmotically fragile

lack pale area in blod smear, can fupture, are prone to rupture, ealding to anemia

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14
Q

What causes sickle cell anemia

A

certain mutations in the gene coding for the beta subunit of Hb

-causes protein to crystallize under low oxygen conditions–> rbcs assume a crecesnt or “sickle”shape

Deformed RBCs get cauth in capillaries and cause lcoalized anoxia and severe pain

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15
Q

Where are RBCs produced in adults?

A

BM

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16
Q

What is the lifespan of RBCs

A

120 days

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17
Q

wha thappens when RBCs worn out? What organ serves as teh blood filter?

A

WHen worn out, phagocytoized by Macrohages in BM or spleen

Spleen serves as blood filger by identifiyign RBCs for destruction and remvoing them from circulation.

HEalthy, flexible, elastic RBCs can re-enter blood vascular system from spleen

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18
Q

What perent of RBCs will rupture at an NaCl concentration ofa bout 55% of normal?

A

5-%

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19
Q

Mutations in WHAT make RBCs mroe susceptilbe to osmotic ysis, and cause cells to adopt a spherical shape?

A

Ankryin or Spectrin

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20
Q

What percent of reticuocytes are in ciruclating blood of healthy indivdiuals? What do they contain? what stain do you ned to see it?

A

Make up 1-2% of population

Contain residual amounts of ribosomal RNA
NEed to see with Supravital stain

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21
Q

What is the diameter of platelets n blood smear?

A

3.0 um or less

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22
Q

What are the two regions of Platelets

A

come from megakaryotyces

Have GRANULOMERE and HYALOMERE

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23
Q

What does the granulomere contain?

A

mitochondria, glycogen, lysosomes, and 2 types of membrane-bound granules, DENSE CORE GRANULES and ALPHA GRANULES

Dense granules- contain serotonin (vasocontstirvor), ADP, (induce aggreg), ATP, Ca

Alpha granules- blood clotting factors`

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24
Q

What does HYALOMERE contain?

A

richs in bundles of MT and MF, which form ring aroudn ell that lies just uder its outer membrane

MT maintain teh INACTIVE latelet’s flattened shape

MF are active in movement of filopodia nad other surface proejctiosnt aht form during platelet meovement/agg

Glycocalyx on theouter memrane provides adhesive quality (stickiness) critiical to plateet function and forms surface receptors

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25
Q

Describe location/charateristics of Megakaryotycyte

A

very large, neucleated cells

Cytoplasm filled with spaced called DERMARCATION zones, which outline future individual paltelets

Megakaryocytes located in BM, and alwaysnear venous sinuses

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26
Q

General info about Luekocytes

A

only true NUCLEATED blodo ells

have basophilic nuclei

NONMOTILE in bloodstream, but when activated, cross endothelium by DIAPEDESIS (except for basophil which remains in BV)

acf in CELLULAR and HUMORAL responese to foreign antigens

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27
Q

What are the two type sof Luekocytes?

A

Granular and Agrandular

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28
Q

What are examples of grandular leukocytes

A

Neutorphils
Basophils
Eosinophils

Have multilobulated nuclei

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29
Q

Agrandular leukocytes

A

Monocytes (form Macrophages in tissue) and Lymphocytes

30
Q

How large are granular leukocytes? Lifespan?

A

10-12 um in diamter,

lifespan is 1-4 days

31
Q

What do neutrophiles contain?

A

Glycogen (to allow them to function/survive in anaerobic environments like necrotic tissue, specific granuels, and primary granules

32
Q

HOw long do neutrophils survive

A

4-8 hours in blood

4-5 days in tissues

33
Q

What do neutrophil specific granules contain?

A

Alk phosphatas,e collagenase, and elastase

Lactoferrin- bacteriostatic agent that binds Fe, which is crucial in bacterial nutirtion

Phagocytins- bacteriocidal proteins

Lysozymes- kills bacateria by hydrolyzing components of cell wallslysozomes

Acid Hyrolases- antibacterial agents, and myeloperoxidases

compbine with peroxide to produce oxygen racials, which are bacteriocideal.

34
Q

What are Neutrophil primary granules?

A

Lysozomes, which contain acid hyrolases, antibacterial agents, and myeloperoxidases. These combine with peroxdie to produce oxygen radicals, whicha re baceteriodcidal

35
Q

What is the composition of pus?

A

neutrophils and bacterial and cellular debris

36
Q

What is the purpose of selectins on the surface of neuthrophils

What is the purpose of INTEGRINS on the neutrophil surface

A

SELECTINS –> for margination and “rolling”

SELECTINS Bind to SELECTIN eceptors on the endothelial cells of blood vessels, allowing neutrophils to slowly “roll” along teh endothelial linging (MARGINATION)

INTEGRINS –> anchors NT for DIAPEDESIS
In response to specific inflammatory signals from teh surroundng tissue ( from basophils and mast cells) , the neutrophils with express specific membrane INTEGRINS which bind to integrin receptors on teh endothelial cells, anchoring the neutrophil

37
Q

What happens with a congenital lack of neutrophil integrin CD18?

A

results in chronically poor wound healing b/c the neutropphils can’t migrate into the tissue; they accuulate in teh blood (LEUKOCYTOSIS)

38
Q

Why does neutrophil release proteolytic enzymes (collagenase, elastase) ?

A

to tunnel through connective tissue.

CT produce a protease inhibitor that inactivates these proteases once the neutrophil has passed through.

39
Q

What is Alpha-1-antitrypsin. What happens in the absence of this inhibitor, alpha-1-antitrypson

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin- a protease inhibito that inactivates proetyitic enzymes once neutrophil passes through

Absence Results in chronically high levels of ELASTASE

can lead toEMPHYSEMA , due to destruction of elastic fibers iof the lung

40
Q

Describe Eosinophils

A

comprise 2-4% of WBCs; - they have bi-lobed nuclease, and many large acidophillic (hot pink or cherry) specific granules. Theres granules are the hallmark for identification this cells my LM

41
Q

What do Eosinophils do?

A

Phagocytosis of antigen/antibody complexes in asthma, jhay fever, and other alelrgis

Destruction of invading parasites- their numbers rise sharply durign allergic reactions or parasitic infections

Counteracting the effects of basophils- eosinophils produce substances that break down products released by basophils

Histaminase= anti-histamine

Arylsulfatase - attacks SRS-A

42
Q

What do corticosteroids do?

A

produce a drop in the number o blood ESOINAOPHILS –> reducing inflammation

43
Q

Describe eosinophil’s specific granules

A

have a crystalline core, the definitieve identifying feautre

about 50% of the protein in teh core is MAJOR BASIC PROTEIN, which functions for PARASITE DESTRUCTION.

external part of specific granules contains hydrolytic enzymes

Specific granules are lysosomal in nature, liek the priary granules of the neutrophil

44
Q

Describe Basophils

A

coarse, basophilic (purple/blue) specific granules that obscure the bi-lobed nucleus

These cells make up less than 1% of thte total count of leukocytes, and are invovled in IMMEDIATE and DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVTY reactions

Mediate ANAPHYLAxiS which is an actue reaction to drugs, food, or other foreign agents

45
Q

Development of sensitivity underlyign anaphylactic reactions

A
  1. 1st exposure to antigens produces Antibodies of iGE type –> binds to mast cells/basophils and SENSITIZES them
  2. Upon later exposure to the same antigen, antigen binds to sensitized mast cells and baophils
  3. Cascade of signals inside the mast cell or basophil leads to release of specific granules (degranulation) into tissue sourrounding site of antigen exposure
  4. Granule contents cause local vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, as well as contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, which leads to breathing difficulties.

Strong reactions are SYSTEMIC ANPHYLACTIC RESPONSE

whoel body vasodilataory reaciton can lead to massive drop in BP (anaphylactic shock) that can be fatal

46
Q

What Specific Granules are in basophils?

A
  1. Heparin (powerful anticoagulant
  2. Histamine- quickly and drastically increases permeability of BV, causes vasodilation, and causes SM contraction in bronchi
  3. Leukotrienes or Slow-Reacting Substane of Anaphylaxis (SRS-A) for the slow, sustained contraction of SM
47
Q

How do Basophils differ from Mast Cells? (4)

A
  1. basophile has bilobed nucleus; mast cell has spherical nucleus
  2. two cell types arise from different stem cells int eh BM
  3. Contents of their specific granules are different
  4. Mast cells are found in the CT, while Basophils are found in the Bloodstream
48
Q

T cells.

Subclassificaiton

In HIV, decrease in…?

A 
Thymus differentiated- most numerous lymphocytes; important for cell-mediated immune reactions;
 subclassfified into cytotoxic,
 helper,
 suppressor, and
 memory T cells

In HIV infection, htere is a significant decrese in population of HELPER T cells

49
Q

B Cells

A

Upon activation, B cells migrate into CT and transform into Plasma Cells, which manufacture antibodies responsible for humoral (antibodies) immune reactions

Some activated B-lymphocytes give rise to MEMORY B CELLS- which can maintain an individual’s immunity for an extended time (Years)

50
Q

What triggers eosinophils?

What is in its specific granules?

A

Asthma, hay fever and allergies
Parasites

ocunteracts effects of basophils with histaminase and arylsufatase

Specific granules are 50% MAJOR BASIC PROTEIN- for PARASITE DESTRUCTION

51
Q

What ist he effect of corticosteroids?

A

It produces a rapid drop in number of blood eosinophils, thereby reducing infalmmation

52
Q

What kind of reactiosn are basophils invovled in?

A

imediated and delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

They medaite anaphylaxis, which is an acute raction to drugs, food or other foreign agents

53
Q

What is basophil response to second exposure to an Antigen after it has been sensitized?

A

It degranulates with leads to VASODILATION and VASCULAR PERMEABILITY and CONTRACTION OF BRONCHIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE

sytemic anaphylactic response can occur –> Anaphylactic shock can be fatal (massive drop in BP)

54
Q

Where and how do basophils rlease their granules?

A

At the cell surface by means of EXOCYTOSIS

they resemble, mast cells, wwhich also bind to IgE moleucles

55
Q

How big are lymphocytes ? What percent of CBC

A

7-8 um , 20-30%

medate IMMUNOLOGICAL response

56
Q

T cells vs B cells

A

Thymus differentiated- most numerous lyphocytes, improatnt for cell-mediated immune reactinos;

B cells - transform into plamsa cells’ activation and migrate into CT and transform into PLASMA CELLS

57
Q

Size of monocytes. Are they active in the blood?

A

17 um

Inactive in the blood. Upon activation, they igrate into tissues and become MACROPHAGES

58
Q

What is the precursor of macrophaages

A

Monocytes

59
Q

where are macrophages found and what do they do

A

FOud in many orgas, the lung, (alveolar macrophage or “dust cell”)

Liver (Kupffer cells)

CT, spleen, and bone marrow.

Monocytes/Macrophages play an essential roel in RECOGNITION and PRESENTATION of ANTIGENS to lymphocytes during immune responses

and in the RECOGNITION and PRESENTATION of of ANtigetns to Lypos during immune rsponse

and in Antigen disposals

60
Q

Anemias

A

decrease in Hemoglobin levels or RBC population (from hemorrhage or hematopoietic problems) or to inability to manuracrtue HB itsle

Vit B12 deficiency is common cuase of anemia (vitamin is necessary for heme biosynthesis)

Hemolytic anemisas involved direct destruction (hemolysis) of mature RBCs (Malaraia parasite)

61
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet count due to AUTOIMMUNITY agasint platelet

leads to easy burising and increased risk of stroke (bleedign from BV in teh brain)

62
Q

Leukemias

A

uncontrollled proliferation (cancer) of various leukocytes or their immature precursors; these precursors eventually spil out into perifpheral blood

63
Q

What is Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

Several different “Rh” antigens on RBCs form teh asis for Rh blood grouping

EF is caused by an immune attack on the RBCs of Rh+ fetus by anti-Rh antibodies of the mother

64
Q

Hemophilia

A

Hereditary absnece of clotting vactor VIII, passed by mothers to their male children

65
Q

AIDS

A

infects and kills T-helper cells; as a aresult, inffected invidivauls eventually become incapcale of mounting immune response agasint bacterial or vial infetions

66
Q

SSRIs

A

Specific Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitiors

Primarily used as anti-depressents (legally ), or as euphorics (Ectasy, illegally) , inhibit serotonin uptake by neurosn and palteletses

Depletion of seratonin from platelets cause decreased coagulation , which lead to increased CLOTTING TIME

67
Q

What are the granule contents of neutrophils

A 
Alkaline phosphatease
Collagenase, Elastase
Lactoferrin
Phagocytins
Lysozymes
68
Q

Granule Conents of Eosinophils

A

Major Basic Proteins
Hydrolytic Enzymes
Histaminase
Arylsulfatase (counters slow sustained contraction of SM)

69
Q

Granules of Basophils

A

Heparin (anticoagulatnt)
Histamine (vasodilator, inc perm of BV)
Leukotrienes (SRS-A , slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis)

70
Q

Granules of Platelets

A

Serotonin
ADP
ATP
Blood-clotting factors

Histology Fall 2012 (6 decks)

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