HISTOLOGY AND CELL Flashcards
This is the study of the tissues of the body and these tissues are arranged to constitute organs. It involves all aspects of tissue biology.
Histology
What is the two interacting components of tissue?
Cell and extra-cellular matrix
This consists of many kinds of macromolecules, most of which form complex structures, such as collagen fibrils.
Extra-cellular matrix
This produces the extra-cellular matrix locally and are in turn strongly influenced by matrix molecules.
Cells
This is a method for localizing cellular structures using a specific enzymatic activity present in those structures.
Enzyme chemistry
This enzyme removes phosphate groups from macromolecules
Phosphatases
This transfers hydrogen ions from one substrate to another, such as many enzymes of the citric acid (krebs cycle), allowing histochemical identification such as enzymes in mitochondria
Dehydrogenases
This promotes the oxidation of substrates with the transfer of hydrogen ions to peroxide.
Peroxidase
This is the basic structural and functional unit; the smallest living part of the body.
Cells
These are enclosed by cell membranes and identified as a eukaryotic cell
Animal cells
It has no nuclear membrane; the only compartment is cytoplasm; nuclear content is mixed with cytoplasmic content.
Prokaryotic cell
It has nuclear membrane; nuclear content is separated with cytoplasmic content
Eukaryotic cell
What is the other term for plasma membrane?
Plasmalemma
It is composed of 3 layers namely: Layer of
glycoprotein, fats, and another layer of
glycoprotein. (TRILAMINAR)
Plasma membrane/Cell membrane
This is a bilipid layer (OUTER: polar; INNER: non-polar); this is important because it determines the permeability and non-permeability of the cell.
Fatty layer
This transport mechanism does not require energy input.
Passive transport
Give the examples of passive transport?
Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
This is a type of passive transport; it transfers materials without any support; the process in which solutes are passed through the concentration gradient in a solution across a semipermeable membrane
Simple diffusion
This is a type of passive transport; it is a type
of diffusion in which the molecules move from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration assisted by a carrier.
Facilitated diffusion
This is a type of passive transport; transfer of water from one component to the other.
Osmosis
This is a type of passive transport; this is the segregation of the materials that are needed and to
excrete the materials that are not needed.
Filtration
This type of transport needs a lot of energy to execute.
Active transport
This is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle
Endocytosis
This is a cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter, including microorganisms, foreign substances, and apoptotic cells. (CELL EATING)
Phagocytosis
“Pino” means “to drink”; it is a process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules. In this process, the cell membrane folds and creates small pockets and captures the cellular fluid and dissolved substances. (CELL DRINKING)
Pinocytosis
This expels the material; it is the process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid. It occurs when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, allowing its contents to be released outside the cell.
Exocytosis
These are multi-pass proteins forming transmembrane pores through which ions or small molecules pass selectively.
Channels
These are transmembrane proteins that bind small molecules and translocate them across the membrane via conformational changes.
Carriers
This is mostly water with chemical compounds in
solution or colloid.
Cytoplasm
This is known as the powerhouse of the cell because it synthesizes the ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Mitochondria
This is the inner folds where cellular respiration occurs. It increases when there’s a need for more energy. It also synthesizes nucleic acids and proteins.
Cristae
These are located at the cytoplasm; this is where synthesis of protein starts and then completed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum which they are attached to.
Ribosomes
This is the largest organelle.
Endoplasmic reticulum
This is where the protein synthesis happens, so that the rest of the cell can function.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
It has many functions such as: fat transport, synthesis of sex hormones (Leydig cells producing testosterone), production of hydrochloric acid (found in stomach to the parietal cell), releases of calcium during muscular contraction.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
This is known as the “packaging apparatus” because it takes what the ER produces and pack/store it for cell use, for future uses, or for transferring it to other cells.
Golgi apparatus
They are known as “suicide bugs” because when they kill an opponent, they also kill their selves in the process; it contains acid hydrolases. They play a role in cellular defense.
Lysosomes
They are the one responsible for removing H radicals (they are deleted to initiate changes in
multiplication of cells which may cause cancer).
Peroxisomes/Microbodies
They are found in melanocytes, containing the pigment called the “melanin”.
Melanosomes
They are found in every cell, used for excluding materials called “exocytosis”.
Secretory granules
This is a source of energy; found in organs such as liver.
Glycogen
These are found in fat cells, also a source of energy.
Lipid
They are known as wear and tear pigments since the amount increases over time (i.e., with advancing age) in cells like hepatocytes and neurons which are both permanent (not routinely replenished) and metabolically active. Found in cardiac cells—indicates if the cell is about to die.
Lypofuscin
This is the pigment found in melanocytes that gives our skin color.
Melanin
This gives the red blood cells its color
Hemoglobin
This is seen in the liver and they are converted into conjugated bilirubin excreted through the intestine which gives the golden color of our stool.
Bilirubin
These are found in the interstitial cells of Leydig in the testis—the one responsible for the secretion of
testosterone
Crystals of reinke
These are found in Sertoli cells which are also found
in the testis.
Crystals of charcot-bottcher
This is a complex array of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments; it helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.
Cytoskeleton
This regulates cell growth and movement as well as key signaling events, which modulate fundamental cellular processes.
Microtubule
This is the control center of the cell; nuclear membrane has pores to allow substances passage.
Nucleus
This separates the cytoplasm from nucleoplasm.
Nuclear envelope
This is the combination of DNA and its associated proteins
Chromatin
This is a very basophilic or electron-dense area of chromatin localized where rRNA transcription and ribosomal sub-units assembly occur.
Nucleolus
This is the sequence of events that controls cell growth and division.
Cell cycle
This is the longest part of the cycle, it begins immediately after mitosis and includes all preparations for DNA replication.
G1 phase
This is the period of DNA (and histone) synthesis
S phase
This is the phase where the cell prepares for division during MITOSIS
G2 phase
This is the period of cell division; produces daughter cells that has the same number of chromosomes of the mother cell (sometimes called as cloning).
Mitosis
This is the long period between mitoses (the G1, S, and G2 phases).
Interphase
The chromosomes progressively shorten and thicken to form double structures; degenaration of the nuclear membrane; mitotic apparatus begins to form.
Prophase
This is when the chromatids align at the equatorial plane.
Metaphase
This is when the sister chromatids separates and move toward opposite spindle poles by a combination of microtubule motor proteins and dynamic changes in the lengths of the microtubules as the spindle poles move farther apart.
Anaphase
This is the resting phase; if the cell is not multiplying, it goes to this phase because if it could not multiply then there’s a sign of abnormality (characteristic of a cancer cell). This serves as a feed back to prevent the abnormalities.
G0 phase
This is when the chromosomes begin to decondense, the spindle breaks down, and the nuclear membranes and nucleoli re-form.
Telophase
This is the cell division of gametes (sperm and egg); it could produce a chromosome that is half the number of the chromosome of parent cell—so when the sperm and egg meet together, they again produce a double chromosome—which is a normal number
Meiosis
