BONE AND CARTILAGE

Question 1

They provide solid support for the body, and protect vital organs such as those in the cranial and thoracic cavities, and encloses internal cavities containing bone marrow where blood cells are formed.

Answer 1

Bone tissue

Question 2

These are found in the cavities (lacunae) between bone matrix layers (lamellae) which cytoplasmic processes in small canaliculi that extend to the matrix.

Answer 2

Osteocytes

Question 3

These are the growing cells which synthesize and secrete the organic components of the matrix.

Answer 3

Osteoblasts

Question 4

These are the giant multinucleated cells involved in removing calcified bone matrix and remodeling bone tissue.

Answer 4

Osteoclasts

Question 5

This is the membrane lining the inner surface of the bony wall; this lines the Haversian canal and all the internal cavities of the bone.

Answer 5

Endosteum

Question 6

This is the sheath outside your bones that supplies them with blood, nerves and the cells that help them grow and heal.

Answer 6

Periosteum

Question 7

This is the unmineralized bone tissue and is a key structure in the development of mature mineralized bone.

Answer 7

Osteoid

Question 8

This is part of the bone tissue and forms most of the mass of the bone. It is comprised of organic and inorganic substances. The organic component of the this includes the collagen and ground substance whereas the inorganic component is the inorganic bone salts, mainly the hydroxyapatite.

Answer 8

Bone matrix

Question 9

This is the bulbous end of the bone.

Answer 9

Epiphysis

Question 10

This is the shaft of the bone.

Answer 10

Diaphysis

Question 11

What are the two bones that forms the calvaria or skullcrap?

Answer 11

Plates and diploe

Question 12

This represents the main type of bone in a mature skeleton. It is characterized by an orderly arrangement of collagen bundles and their cells; secondary bone.

Answer 12

Lamellar bone

Question 13

This is characterized by the irregular arrangement of collagen fibers, large cell number, and reduced mineral content. Note the primary bone is deposited on hyaline cartilage. Primary bone is acidophilic while the hyaline cartilage is basophilic; primary bone.

Answer 13

Woven bone

Question 14

These are any of the small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the haversian canals.

Answer 14

Volkmann canals

Question 15

This is also known as the cortical bone; dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain the osteocytes, or bone cells

Answer 15

Compact bone

Question 16

This is also known as spongy bone, trabecular bone, and medullary bone; it is lighter and less dense than compact bone; this consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow.

Answer 16

Cancellous bone

Question 17

These are scattered among the intact osteons that are numerous irregularly shaped groups of parallel lamelae.

Answer 17

Interstitial lamelae

Question 18

This is when the osteoblasts differentiate directly from mesenchyme and begin secreting osteoid; flat bones begin to form, takes place within condensed sheets (membranes) of embryonic mesenchymal tissues.

Answer 18

Intramembranous ossification

Question 19

This is when the preexisting matrix of hyaline cartilage is eroded and invaded by osteoblasts, which begins osteoid production; this type of ossification forms most bones of the body and is especially well studied in the developing long bones.

Answer 19

Endochondral ossification

Question 20

This raises low blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and osteocytes o resorb bone matrix and release Ca2+.

Answer 20

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 21

This is produced by calcitonin within the thyroid gland, it can reduce blood calcium levels by opposing the effects of PTH in bone; this hormone directly targets osteoclasts to slow matrix resorption and turn over.

Answer 21

Calcitonin

Question 22

These are the regions where the adjacent bones are capped and held together firmly by other connective tissue.

Answer 22

Joints

Question 23

This allow very limited or no movement and are subdivided into fibrous and cartilaginous joints, depending on the type of tissue of the bone. (EX: SKULL SUTURES)

Answer 23

Synarthroses

Question 24

This joins the bones by dense connective tissue only. (EX: INTEROSSEOUS LIGAMEMNT OF THE INFERIOR TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT AND THE POSTERIOR REGION OF THE SACROILIAC JOINTS)

Answer 24

Syndesmoses

Question 25

This has a thick pad of fibrocartilage between the thin articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones; this occurs in the midline of the body. (EX: INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS, PUBIC SYMPHYSIS)

Answer 25

Symphesys

Question 26

This is the tough circular exterior of the intervertebral disc that surrounds the soft inner core, the nucleus pulposus; its outer portion is composed of a ring of ligament fibers that encases the inner core of the disc and securely connects the spinal vertebrae above and below the disc.

Answer 26

Annulus fibrous

Question 27

This is the gel like body in the center of the annulus fibrosus.

Answer 27

Nucleus pulposus

Question 28

This permits free bone movement. (EX: ELBOW AND KNEE)

Answer 28

Diarthroses