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MBCHB PRINCIPLES > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the plasmalemma

A

membrane that separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment

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2
Q

what is the plasmalemma composed of?

A

it is a bimolecular slyer of amphipathic phospholipid molecules with their hydrophilic heads at the outer and inner surfaces and their hydrophobic fatty acid chains facing towards the middle of the two layers

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3
Q

what is embedded in the plasmalemma

A

integral and peripheral proteins (ie receptors/channels/transporters/enzymes/cell attachment proteins

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4
Q

what is the plasmalemma able to do for the cell

A

exocytose and endocytose material from the cell

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5
Q

what does it mean when the cell membrane is said to be FLUID

A

can change shape easily, proteins can diffuse laterally in the cell membrane but many are anchored

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6
Q

selectively permeable?

A

permeable to water/oxygen/hydrophobic molecules/charge ions

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7
Q

plasmalemma building block composition

A

polar/hydrophilic head

non-polar hydrophobic fatty-acid chain

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8
Q

what are inclusions

A

series of small lipid bubbles/ components synthesised by the cell itself

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9
Q

what are the 3 main classes of filamentous cytosolic proteins in the cytoskeleton

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
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10
Q

how are several functions of the cell maintained?

A

by a set of filamentous cytosolic proteins

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11
Q

what are the features of microfilaments

A

composed of the protein actin - polymerise into long proteins
7nm diameter
dynamic ie can depolymerise/polymerise

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12
Q

what are the features of intermediate filament?

A

composed of 6 main proteins (which vary in cell types)
bind intercellular embalmment together and to the plasmalemma
provide good structural integrity
10-15nm

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13
Q

what are intermediate filament used in clinically?

A

pathology to identify tutor origins

eg glial cells can make a glioma which is a tumour in the CNS

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14
Q

what are microtubules composed of?

A

hollow tubules composed of two tublin proteins

made of subunits alfa and beta tublin subunits

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15
Q

what are the features of microtubules?

A

can assemble and disassemble
originate from a special organising centre called the centrosome
they include stabilising proteins (ie microtubule-associated proteins MAPs)
participate in creating the spindle in cell division

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16
Q

what is the function of the filamentous cytosolic proteins in the cytoskeleton

A

Attach to the membrane and to each other to form a dynamic 3-dimensional internal scaffolding in the cell - the cytoskeleton.

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17
Q

what are microfilaments composed of?

A

Actin

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18
Q

Why are intermediate filaments used clinically?

A

Diagnostic. To identify tumour origins.

i.e. neurofilaments should only be in nerve cells. cytokeratins should only be in epithelial cells.

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19
Q

Where to microtubules originate from?

A

centrosome

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20
Q

what protein stabilise microtubules

A

MAPs microtubule associated proteins

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21
Q

What proteins allows movement of organelle cargo along microtubules? What direction do they move in?

A

Kinesin: ATPase moves towards cell periphery Dynein: ATPase moves towards cell centre
Particularly important in cells with long processes e.g. neurons.

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22
Q

Which cellular strcutures and processes to microtubules have an important role in?

A

Mitosis, cillia, flagella

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23
Q

Micotubules originate from the centrosome. What is this formed of?

A

Contain a core pair of organelles called centrioles which are composed of mainly specialised modified microtubules segments.

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24
Q

what is the nucleus enclosed in?

and what is this composed of?

A

nuclear envelope

composed of an inner and outer nuclear membrane with nuclear pores providing continuity with the cytoplasm

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25
Q

What is the area between the double envelope of the nucleus called? What is this continuous with?

A

perinuclear cistern

continuous with the cistern of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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26
Q

The outer nuclear membrane is studded with what?

What is this continuous with?

A

Ribsosomes. Continuous with the RER.

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27
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

The nucleus contains chromosomes and is the location of RNA synthesis.
mRNA and tRNA are transcribed in the nucleus

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28
Q

where is rRNA transcribed

A

nucleolus

29
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

a 1-3um diameter dense are within the nucleus

30
Q

What are the two forms chromatin can take in the nucleus?

A

euchromatin

heterochromatin

31
Q

what is the euchromatin (light)

A

DNA that is dispersed and is actively undergoing transcription

32
Q

what is heterochromatin (dark)

A

dense and compact DNA that is highly condensed and not undergoing transcription

33
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by

A

double nuclear membrane

34
Q

Where are ribosomes fromed? What are they made of?

What is export of ribosomes dependent on?

A

Formed in the nucleolus. Composed of rRNA (small and large subunit) and protein.
The nuclear pore complex in the nuclear envelope.

35
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

The site of protein sythesis (translation).

36
Q

what is the ER continuous with?

A

perinuclear cistern

37
Q

function of RER

A

protein synthesis and the initiation of glycoprotein

38
Q

function of SER

A

site of the synthesis/detoxification of lipids/cholesterol

39
Q

function of Golgi

A

modification and packaging of secretions

40
Q

function of nucleus

A

contains genetic code

41
Q

function of mitochondria

A

powerhouse of cell, produce ATP energy via oxidative phosphorylation

42
Q

composition of mitochondria

A

inner and outer membrane, inner is folded to form cristae

43
Q

name the 3 types of intercellular junctions

A

occluding, anchoring, communicating

44
Q

another name for occluding junction

A

zonula occludens or tight junctions

45
Q

functions of occluding junction

A

link cells to form diffusion barrier

appear as a focal region of close apposition between adjacent cell membranes

46
Q

functions of anchoring junctions

A

provide mechanical strength

link submemnrane actin bundles of adjacent cells

47
Q

other 2 types of anchoring junctions

A
  1. adherent junction/zonula adherents

2. desmosomes/macula adherens ie anchoring

48
Q

describe zonula adherents

A

mechanical strength, – link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells
Cadherin molecules bind to each other in extracellular space and to actin of cytoskeleton

49
Q

describe desmosomes/macula adherens

A

link submembrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells

50
Q

function of communicating junction

A
  1. movement of molecules between cells
  2. allow selective diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells
  3. termed as gap junctions
  4. each junction is circular patch studded with pores(produced by connexion proteins)
51
Q

what is a junctional complex

A

close association of several types of junctions found in certain epithelial tissues

52
Q

what is endocytosis

A

membrane invaginate, fuses and newly made endocytotic vesicle buds into cell

53
Q

what is exocytosis

A

works in reverse of endocytosis

54
Q

phagocytosis

A

bacteria bind to cell surface, cell engulfs it to form phagosome, binds with lysosome containing digestive enzymes

55
Q

name the two main stains

A

H&E stain
haematoxylin - purple/ basic
eosin - pink/ acidic

56
Q

what are the 4 basic tissue types

A
  1. epithelium
  2. connective tissue
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
57
Q

describe epithelium tissue

A

cover surfaces of body, line hollow organs, form glands
all have a basal lamina
non-vascular
polarised - apical and basal sides differ

58
Q

what are the functions of epithelia

A 
mechanical barrier
chemical barrier
absorption
secretion
containment
locomotion
59
Q

name the 3 shapes cells can be

A

squamous - flattened
cuboidal - cube
columnar - tall and thin

60
Q

name the 3 classifications of layers

A

simple - one layer
stratified - two or more layers
pseudostratified - tissue appears to have multiple layers

61
Q

cell surface, tissue surface specialisations

A

prominent microvilli
cilia
keratinised

62
Q

what specialised cell types are present in the epithelium

A

goblet cells

63
Q

glandular epithelia two classes

A

endocrine

exocrine

64
Q

where does the endocrine glands secrete

A

product secreted towards basal end of cell - distributed by vascular system - ductless glands

65
Q

exocrine?

A

product secreted towards apical end of cell - ducted glands

66
Q

define connective tissue

A

forms framework of body, dynamics role in development, growth and homeostasis of tissues and energy store

67
Q

what does glandular epithelia produce

A

secretory products eg sweat/milk/oil

68
Q

what 2 places are secretory products secreted?

A

endocrine glands
and
exocrine glands

69
Q

describe function of endocrine glands

A

into the body, towards the basal lamina

MBCHB PRINCIPLES (6 decks)

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