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MBCHB PRINCIPLES > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Median sagittal plane

A

lies in the midline and divides body into right and left halves

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2
Q

Coronal plane

A

cuts body into anterior and posterior halves

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3
Q

Transverse/axial plane

A

cuts body into superior and inferior halves

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4
Q

Oblique plane

A

cuts axially at an angle

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5
Q

Anterior?

Posterior?

A

near front

near back

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6
Q

Superior/cranial/rostral=

Inferior/caudal=

A 
Near top (head)
near bottom (soles of feet)
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7
Q

medial

lateral

A

towards midline

away from midline

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8
Q

proximal

distal

A

nearer attachment of limb

further from attachment of limb

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9
Q

superficial

deep

A

closer to surface of body

further from surface of body

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10
Q

external

internal

A

further from centre of body

nearer to centre of body

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11
Q

major

minor

A

big

small

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12
Q

unilateral

A

only present on one side of the body

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13
Q

bilateral

A

present on both sides of the body

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14
Q

midline

A

single structure found in the midline/medial plane

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15
Q

ipsilateral

A

structure that lies on the same side of the body as the other structure being compared to

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16
Q

contralateral

A

structure that lies on the opposite side of the body as the other being compared to

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17
Q

Dorsal

A

posterior surfaces of wrist/hand/tongue/foot

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18
Q

opposite terms of dorsal

A 
anterior: 
volar=wrist
palmar= hand
ventral=tongue
plantar=foot
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19
Q

Flexion

extension

A

decreasing angle

increasing angle

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20
Q

abduction

adduction

A

movement away from body

movement towards body

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21
Q

internal/medial

external/lateral

A

rotation towards from the median plane

rotation away from median plane

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22
Q

circumduction

A

circular motion of a joint

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23
Q

eversion

inversion

A

sole of foot rotates away form median plane

sole of foot rotates towards median plane

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24
Q

pronation

supination

A

anterior surface rotates so that the palm of the hands faces posteriorly
movement back to anatomical position

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25
Q

extension

flexion

A

thumb away laterally in the coronal plane

folding thumb across palm

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26
Q

opposition

reposition

A

thumb touches little finger

returning thumb to anatomical position

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27
Q

3 components of cardiovascular system + functions

A 
arterial system (oxygenated blood leaving the heart)
heart (pump)
venous system (deoxygenated blood returning to heart)
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28
Q

what are the 2 main circulations?

A
  1. pulmonary circulation

2. systemic circulation

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29
Q

what sequence does blood flow through the SYSTEMIC circulation system?

A

LV -> LA -> body capillary beds -> RV -> LV -> lung

ie LEFT BODY RIGHT LUNG

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30
Q

what sequence does blood flow through the PULMONARY circulation system?

A

RA -> RV -> LUNG -> LA -> LV -> BODY

ie RIGHT LUNG LEFT BODY

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31
Q

where is the heart located?

A

in thoracic cavity
deep in the sternum
deep to costal cartilages
between the lungs mediastinum

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32
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

the area which lies between the lungs and is divided into superior and inferior

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33
Q

what is another word for heart contraction?

A

systole

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34
Q

what is another word for heart relaxation?

A

diastole

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35
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

tissue which surrounds the heart which has 2 layers: fibrous/ serous

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36
Q

describe what the fibrous layer of the heart is like

A

tough which outer layer preventing over filling

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37
Q

describe what the serous layer of the heart is like

A

inner membrane which secretes fluid

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38
Q

what is visceral?

A

touching the heart

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39
Q

what is parietal

A

on the outside

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40
Q

what is the sequence of heart contractions

A

atria then ventricle

41
Q

right side of the heart carries what type of blood

A

deoxygenated/ venous blood from systemic circulation

42
Q

left side of the heart carries what type of blood

A

oxygenated/ arterial blood from pulmonary circulation

43
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart called?

A

Epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

44
Q

describe the epicardium

A

a serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart.

external layer - visceral serous pericardium

45
Q

describe the myocardium

A

the muscular tissue of the heart.

cardiac muscle layer (left is thicker than right)

46
Q

describe the endocardium

A

internal lining
the thin, smooth membrane which lines the inside of the chambers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves.
continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels connecting the heart

47
Q

what is dividing the sides of the heart?

A

a septum (3 septums eg atrioventricular)

48
Q

anatomically, where are the chambers of the heart located

A

RA- right border of heart
RV- anterior surface
LA- posterior surface
LV- left border

49
Q

what are the 5 great vessels?

A 
Aorta
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary veins
50
Q

what do the valves provide?

A

a unidirectional blood flow

51
Q

name the 4 valves

A

mitral (bicuspid)
tricuspid
pulmonary
aortic

52
Q

what feature of the heart forms an electrical insulator, separating conducting impulses of atria and ventricles

A

fibrous skeleton

53
Q

describes the 4 steps in the conduction system of the heart

A
  1. electrical impulse begins at the SA node (pacemaker cells) and travel through cardiac muscle of the atria
  2. impulses travels to AV node at the atrioventricular septum
  3. travels down right and left bundles in the inter ventricular septum
  4. spreads out to myocardium through conducting fibres called Purkinje fibres causing both ventricles to contract
54
Q

what is the SA node?

A

sinoatrial node is a group of cells located in the wall of the RA they have the ability to spontaneously produce an electrical impulse causing the heart to contract

55
Q

what is the AV node?

A

atrioventricular node top of the heart connect aria and ventricles lies on the lower back section of interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus and conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles

56
Q

What are the 3 layers vessels are composed of?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventita

57
Q

describe the tunica intima?

A

internal layer - endothelium

58
Q

describe the tunica media

A

middle layer - smooth muscles and elastic fibres

59
Q

describe the tunica adventita

A

external layer - connective tissue

60
Q

what is the lumen

A

the space through which blood travels

61
Q

list the 5 features of arteries

A
  1. part of the neuromuscular bundle
  2. can withstand high pressure >120/80 mmHg
  3. round lumen
  4. carry oxygenated blood
  5. pulsatile
62
Q

what is the name for when arteries divide into 2 terminal branches?

A

bifurcation or trifurcate if it is divided into 3 terminal branches

63
Q

proximal/distal

A

closer to heart/further away

64
Q

what does the term common and trunk indicate

A

the named artery with definitely divide again

65
Q

what does supply a territory mean?

A

region of the body supplied by a single artery and its branches

66
Q

what are small veins called

A

venules

67
Q

what are narrower than arteries and closer to capillary beds

A

arterioles

68
Q

what is vasodilation

A

relaxation of smooth muscle and widening of the lumen to increase blood flow to the organ/tissue supplied

69
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

contraction of smooth muscle to reduce blood flow to organ/tissue supplied

70
Q

what is sympathetic tone

A

background low level of contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles due to continuous (tonic) conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves

71
Q

what can arteriolar smooth muscle contraction help do?

A

helps reduce blood loss following an injury (vessel in spasm)

72
Q

What is an anastomosis

A

where arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network - provides an alternative routes for blood to flow to supply the cells distal to an arterial occlusion (blockage)

73
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

arterial anastomoses of the brain - can help prevent a cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

74
Q

what are alternative routes in an anastomoses

A

known as collateral arteries or circulation - one disadvantage is that collateral arteries bleed from both sides of a cut so the haemorrhage can be worse

75
Q

what is an end artery

A

the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body ie no collateral vessels, anastomosis don’t exist therefore area beyond suffers

76
Q

how does infarction happen

A

untreated occlusions of an end artery results in infection of its territory

77
Q

what is infarction?

A

irreversible cell death due to hypoxia ie lack of oxygen to cells

78
Q

myocardial infarction

A

occlusion of coronary artery ie heart attack

79
Q

What are the features of the AORTA?

A

all the systemic blood enters aorta first
receives blood at high pressure during systole
elastic walls expand under this pressure
elastic recoil maintains peripheral flow when the heart relaxes (diastole)
many branches which supply the whole body

80
Q

what are the 4 parts of the aorta and their associated number of branches

A
  1. ascending aorta (2 branches L and R coronary artery)
  2. arch of the aorta (3 branches)
  3. thoracic aorta (numerous)
  4. abdominal aorta (3 unpaired midline branches and several paired bilateral branches)
81
Q

Name the 3 branches of the aortic arch

A
  1. Brachiocephalic trunk (on RIGHT side of body bifurcates to provide blood flow to arm and head)
  2. LEFT common carotid artery
  3. LEFT subclavian artery (runs below clavicle)
82
Q

name the main vessels that come from the left subclavian artery

A

left subclavian -> left axillary artery -> left brachial artery (ant to elbow joint the brachial artery bifurcates to give 2 branches) -> 1. left radial artery 2. left ulnar artery

83
Q

name the main vessels the abdominal aorta bifurcates into

A

left and right common iliac artery -> then both of these arteries bifurcates into two external/internal left or right iliac arteries

84
Q

peripheral pulses

A
  • Carotid pulse: at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
  • Brachial artery pulse: anterior to the elbow joint
  • Radial artery pulse: radial side of the palmar aspect of the wrist
  • Femoral artery pulse: the continuation of the external iliac artery in the midpoint of the groin
  • Popliteal artery pulse: posterior to the knee joint
  • Dorsalis pedis artery pulse: on the dorsum of the foot
85
Q

key features of veins?

A 
run in the neurovascular bundle
carry deoxygenated blood
low pressure/non-pulsatile
drain blood from territory
venules and veins merge like tributaries 
thin walled so can collapse when empty
valves to stop back flow
86
Q

3 components for venous return

A
  1. venous valves (ensures unidirectional flow back to the heart against gravity)
  2. skeletal muscle pump (contraction of skeletal muscles in lower limb)
  3. van commitantes (accompanying veins) - artery surrounded by 2 veins, artery pulsates to help venous return
87
Q

what are the two sets of veins in the body

A

superficial

deep

88
Q

what are superficial veins

A

smaller and run within superficial fascia then drain into deep veins

89
Q

what are deep veins

A

larger and run deep to the deep fascia and in cavities often in neurovascular bundles

90
Q

what are the 2 main venous systems

A

hepatic portal venous system (hepatic portal vein)

systemic venous system (inferior vena cava)

91
Q

what does the hepatic portal venous system do?

A

drains venous blood from absorptive parts of the GI tract & associated organs to the liver for cleaning

92
Q

what does the systemic venous system

A

drains venous blood from all other organs and tissues into the superior or inferior vena cava

93
Q

Features of capillaries

A

form extensive vascular networks
lined with single layer of endothelium
narrow lumen only allowing one RBC (erythrocyte) through at a time
allow gas exchange/metabolites/waste products

94
Q

what sequence does blood flow through vessels?

A

large arteries, small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, small veins, large veins

95
Q

what is lymphatic drainage

A

how infection and cancer can spread

96
Q

features of the lymphatic system

A
  • lymphatic capillaries collect tissue fluid that normally leaks out when blood flow through capillary beds
  • fluid is called lymph
  • lymph is carries through lymph nodes (contain WBC to filter out foreign particles and fight infection /cancer
  • lymph is returned to the central veins in the root of the neck
97
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph into

A

right venous angle

98
Q

where does the superficial lymphatic vessels drain

A

into deep lymphatic vessels heading back centrally

99
Q

where does the thoracic duct drain lymph into

A

left venous angle

MBCHB PRINCIPLES (6 decks)

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