Histology Flashcards
what arteries enter the hilum from the broad ligament
helicine
what is the core of the ovary called
medulla
what is the outer part of the ovary called
cortex
what is the medulla made up of
N + A + Vs
lymphatics
loose connective tissue
what is contained in the cortex
scattered ovarian follicles in a highly cellular connective tissue stroma
the outer shell of the cortex is dense connective tissue called the
tunica albuginea
what cells cover the ovary
single layer of cuboidal cells called the germinal epithelium
what is contained in a primordial follicle
oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells
what are the 3 types of pre-antral follicle
primordial follicle –> early primary follicle –> late primary follicle
a secondary follicle matures to become a
mature graafian follicle
what is left behind when the mature graafian follicle ruptures and releases an oocyte
corpus haemorrhagium which goes on to form corpus luteum
what week of gestation do germ cells from the yolk sac invade the ovaries
week 6
germ cells proliferate by ____ to form oogonia
mitosis
before birth the oogonia begin _____ but halt at _____
meiosis
prophase 1
what is oogenesis
development of oocytes from oogonia
what is folliculogenesis
growth of the follicle which consists of oocyte and any assoc. support cells
what is atresia
apoptosis based loss of oogonia and oocytes
when do you have the highest number of germ cells
7 months in utero
in a 20 year old, around __ follicles restart development per day. in a 40 year old the value is _
15
1
if follicle fails to associate with _______ cells it will die
pregranulosa
primordial follicle has _____ granulosa cells
squamous pregranulosa cells
primary follicle has _____ granulosa cells
cuboidal granulosa cells
what is the layer of cuboidal granulosa cells of a primary follicle called
zona granulosa
what is the zona pellucida
the layer of extracellular matrix that forms between the oocyte and the granulosa cells in a primary follicle as the oocyte enlarges
stromal cells associating with the outside of the follicle will go on to form the ____ _____
theca folliculi
what is found between the granulosa cells and stromal cells
basal lamina
as the granulosa cell layer proliferates, the inner layers of adjacent stromal cells (theca folliculi) transform into the ____ _____
theca interna
the theca interna will go on to do what
secrete oestrogen precursors
what cells convert the oestrogen precursors from the theca interna into oestrogen
granulosa cells
the outer layer of stromal cells remain fibro-blast like and form ____ ____
theca externa
as the primary follicle enlarges, a space called the _____ filled with follicular fluid forms in the granulosa cells layer forming a _____ follicle
antrum
secondary
what are the largest antral follicles called
graafian follicles
how big can graafian follicles be
up to 20mm
one day before ovulation, the oocyte in the largest graafian follicle will do what
complete meiosis I
what is produced when the oocyte completes meiosis I
produces a secondary oocyte and a polar body
what does the polar body do
carries the 2nd nucleus away to degenerate
secondary oocyte begins meiosis II but stops at _____
metaphase II
when will the secondary oocyte complete meiosis II to become a fully mature oocyte
after ovulation and it has been fertilised
what is produced when the secondary follicle is fertilised
a second polar body
what is the corona radiata
the granulosa cells that surround the secondary follicle before ovulation
what does a follicle stigma indicate
imminent rupture of a follicle to release oocyte
after ovulation the follicle transforms into the ____ ____
corpus luteum
what does the corpus luteum release
oestrogens and progesterones
what happens to corpus luteum if there is no implantation
becomes corpus albicans
how is the corpus luteum maintained if implantation does occur
HCG secreted by placenta
the corpus luteum secretes ____ which maintains pregnancy
progesterone
how does an ovum move down the uterine tube
gentle peristalsis and currents created by ciliated epithelium
what do secretory cells in the uterine tube epithelium do
secrete nutrients
where does fertilisation usually occur
ampulla
what lines the ampulla
simple columnar epithelium with ciliated and secretory cells
the mucosa of the ampulla is highly _____
folded
the ampulla is surrounded by ____ ____
smooth muscle
Both ciliogenesis and secretion in the ampulla are ____
cyclic
describe the epithelium of the isthmus
much simpler architecture - mostly secretory epithelium and a few ciliated cells
how many layers of smooth muscle are there in the ampulla
2
how many layers of smooth muscle are there in the isthmus
3
what are the 3 layers of the uterus
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
what is the endometrium
inner wall of secretory mucosa
what are the 2 layers of the endometrium
stratum functionalis
stratum basalis
what is the stratum functionalis
layer that undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss
what is the endometrium made up of
tubular secretory glands embedded in connective tissue stroma
what is the stratum basalis
reserve tissue that regenerates the functionalis
what is the myometrium
coat of 3 layers of smooth muscle combined with collagen and elastic tissue
what is the perimetrium
outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium
during the proliferative phase the stratum ______ proliferates
stratum basalis - glands, storma and vasculature grow which increases the thickness of the endometrium by reconstituting the SF
describe the lining of the glands during the proliferative phase
pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines glands which are relatively straight
in the proliferative phase, stroma is proliferating due to _____
oestrogen
when does the proliferative phase end
1 day after ovulation
what do the glands look like during the secretory phase
coiled with a cork screw appearance
what do the glands secrete during the secretory phase
glycogen
what happens in the menstrual phase
arterioles in the stratum functionalis undergo constriction - depriving tissue of blood causing ischaemia with resultant tissue breakdown, leakage of blood and tissue sloughing
what lines the cervix at the vaginal surface
stratified squamous epithelium
what lines the inner cervix
mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium
what is the site called where the epithelium changes between ecto and endo cervix
transition zone
the mucous secreting epithelium of canal is deeply furrowed forming _______ ____
endocervical glands
what are the endocervical gland secretions like during the proliferative phase
thin and watery to allow passage of sperm
what are the endocervical gland secretions like following ovulation
thick and viscous to prevent passage of microoragnisms or sperm
what is a nabothian cyst
when outlet of an endocervical gland is blocked
what are the 4 layers of the vagina
non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
lamina propria
fibromuscular layer
adventitia
during the reproductive years the non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium layer is ____ and cells are _____ due to _______ _____
thicker
enlarged
glycogen accumulation
what is the lamina propria
connective tissue rich in elastic fibres and thin walled blood vessels
what makes up the fibromuscular layer
inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
are there glands in the wall of the vagina
no
how is the vagina lubricated
mucous from cervical glands and fluid from thin walled blood vessels of lamina propria
how do commensal bacteria prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria
metabolise glycogen to lactic acid
what is the mons pubis
skin overlying the pubic symphysis which contains highly oblique hair follicles and a substantial subcutaneous fat pad
the labia majora are extensions of the _____ ___
mons pubis
the labia majora are rich in what glands
apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands
do the labia majora have hair follicles
outer surface but not inner
the labia minora lack
subcutaneous fat and hair follicles
the labia minora are rich in
vasculature and sebaceous glands
keratinised epithelium extends into the vagina to the level of what
the hymen
the clitoris contains _ tubes of erectile tissue (vasculature) called the
corpora cavernosa
the corpora cavernosa is covered by what
fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin rich in innervation and thin epidermis
