BREAST

Question 1

how many lobes make up the secretory tissue of the breast

Answer 1

15-25

Question 2

what does each lobe consist of

Answer 2

a compound tubular-acinar gland which drains via a series of ducts leading to the nipple

Question 3

what kind of tissue is adjacent to the secretory lobules

Answer 3

dense fibrous tissue which is surrounded by adipose tissue

Question 4

what ribs does the bed of the breast expand from

Answer 4

ribs 2 - 6

Question 5

what are the lateral borders of the breast bed

Answer 5

lateral border of the sternum and mid axillary line

Question 6

most lymph of the breast drains where

Answer 6

ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes

Question 7

where do the axillary nodes drain

Answer 7

supraclavicular nodes –> thoracic duct

Question 8

where else can lymph from the breast drain

Answer 8

parasternal nodes and abdominal nodes

nodes of contralateral breast

Question 9

position of the levels of lymph nodes is described in relation to what muscle

Answer 9

pec minor

Question 10

what are level 1 nodes

Answer 10

inferior and lateral to pec minor

Question 11

what are level 2 nodes

Answer 11

deep to pec minor

Question 12

what are level 3 nodes

Answer 12

superior and medial to pec minor

Question 13

what structures support the breast

Answer 13

suspensory ligaments (coopers ligaments)

Question 14

where do the suspensory ligaments attach

Answer 14

dermis of the skin to deep fascia overlying the muscle of anterior chest wall (pec major and serratus ant)

Question 15

what is the functional secretory unit of the breast

Answer 15

terminal duct lobular unit

Question 16

what do terminal ductules (acini) lead into

Answer 16

intralobular collecting duct

Question 17

what does the intralobular collecting duct lead into

Answer 17

lactiferous duct for that lobe

Question 18

where does the lactiferous duct lead

Answer 18

nipple

Question 19

before the lactiferous duct reaches the nipple what does it pass through

Answer 19

lactiferous sinus

Question 20

what is the lactiferous sinus

Answer 20

expanded duct region near the nipple where the lactiferous ducts drain
- storage of milk

Question 21

how does the connective tissue differ from around the lobule to around the acini within the lobule

Answer 21

around the lobule - dense fibrocollagenous

around the acini - looser connective tissue

Question 22

why is the connective tissue around the acini looser than around the lobule

Answer 22

to allow rapid expansion during pregnancy

Question 23

what kind of cells line the acini

Answer 23

secretory epithelium (vary from cuboidal to columnar)

Question 24

what cells surround the secretory cells of the acini

Answer 24

myoepithelial cells

Question 25

what are myoepithelial cells

Answer 25

contractile epithelial cells

Question 26

what surrounds the myoepithelial cells

Answer 26

basal lamina

Question 27

what cells line the lactiferous duct towards the nipple

Answer 27

thin stratified squamous epithelium

Question 28

what cells line the deeper parts of the lactiferous duct

Answer 28

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question 29

how thick are the cells lining the deepest parts of the lactiferous duct

Answer 29

one cell thick

Question 30

what glands end directly on the skin surface of the nipple (only place in the body this happens)

Answer 30

sebaceous glands

Question 31

what cells line the nipple surface

Answer 31

thin, highly pigmented keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 32

what makes up the core of the nipple

Answer 32

dense irregular fibrocollagenous connective tissue mixed with bundles of smooth muscle

Question 33

how many lobes does one lactiferous duct serve

Answer 33

1 each

Question 34

mammary tissue only changes in pregnancy | true/false

Answer 34

false | changes during the menstrual cycle

Question 35

during which phase of the menstrual cycle does the mammary tissue change

Answer 35

luteal phase

Question 36

how do the breasts change in the luteal phase

Answer 36

- epithelial cells increase in height - lumina of the ducts enlarges - small amounts of secretions appear in the ducts

Question 37

what occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy re the breasts (2)

Answer 37

- elongation and branching of the smaller ducts | - proliferation of the epithelial cells of the glands and the myoepithelial cells

Question 38

what cell types proliferate in the first trimester of pregnancy

Answer 38

epithelial cells | myoepithelial cells

Question 39

in the first trimester of pregnancy there is ____ and _____ of the smaller ducts

Answer 39

elongation and branching

Question 40

what cells infiltrate the nearby connective tissue in the second trimester of pregnancy

Answer 40

lymphocytes and plasma cells

Question 41

what do plasma cells produce in the breast

Answer 41

IgA

Question 42

what occur in the second trimester of pregnancy

Answer 42

- glandular tissue continues to develop with differentiation of secretory alveoli - plasma cells and lymphocytes infiltrate the nearby connective tissue

Question 43

what occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy

Answer 43

secretory alveoli continue to mature with development of extensive rER

Question 44

what happens to the amount of connective tissue and adipose tissue in the breasts during pregnancy

Answer 44

reduction

Question 45

what hormones stimulate proliferation of secretory tissue and degeneration of fibro-fatty tissue in pregnancy

Answer 45

oestrogen and progesterone

Question 46

what is the main component of breast milk

Answer 46

water (88%)

Question 47

what % protein is in the breast milk

Answer 47

1.5%

Question 48

what mainly makes up the protein in the breast milk

Answer 48

lactalbumin | casein

Question 49

what % of the breast milk is CHO

Answer 49

7%

Question 50

what is the main form of CHO in the breast milk

Answer 50

lactose

Question 51

what % of the breast milk is lipid

Answer 51

3.5%

Question 52

what else is in the breast milk

Answer 52

ions, vitamins, IgA

Question 53

how is lipid secreted into the milk | - description and name of type

Answer 53

apocrine secretion | - lipid droplets are secreted surround by membrane and carrying a small amount of cytoplasm

Question 54

how are proteins secreted into milk | - description and name

Answer 54

merocrine secretion (exocytosis) - made in rER - packaged in golgi - secreted via vesicles that merge with apical membrane to release only their components into duct (no cytoplasm)

Question 55

what occurs to the secretory cells of the TDLU's following menopause

Answer 55

degenerate leaving only ducts

Question 56

following menopause there is - more/less fibroblasts - increased/decreased collagen and elastic fibres

Answer 56

less fibroblasts | decreased collagen and elastic fibres

Question 57

orange peel appearance of breast skin can indicate what

Answer 57

breast cancer

Question 58

what is the retromammary space

Answer 58

space between breast tissue and fascia

Question 59

what hormone causes production of breast milk

Answer 59

prolactin

Question 60

what hormone causes the ejection of breast milk

Answer 60

oxytocin

Question 61

oxytocin causes the contraction of what

Answer 61

myoepithelium

Question 62

young adults have a higher proportion of adipose/glandular tissue

Answer 62

higher proportion of glandular tissue compared to adipose - denser

Question 63

elderly breasts have more _____ tissue making them ____ dense

Answer 63

adipose | less dense

Question 64

what are milk lines

Answer 64

developmental lines on which mammary glands and nipples develop

Question 65

what is the definition of metaplasia

Answer 65

the change from one fully differentiated cell type to another fully differentiated cell type

Question 66

what hormone stimulates the lactiferous ducts to grow at puberty

Answer 66

oestrogen

Question 67

after menarche what hormone induces further growth and development of the rudimentary lobules at the end of the bulb

Answer 67

progesterone