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YEAR 3 REPRO > BREAST > Flashcards

BREAST Flashcards

1
Q

how many lobes make up the secretory tissue of the breast

A

15-25

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2
Q

what does each lobe consist of

A

a compound tubular-acinar gland which drains via a series of ducts leading to the nipple

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3
Q

what kind of tissue is adjacent to the secretory lobules

A

dense fibrous tissue which is surrounded by adipose tissue

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4
Q

what ribs does the bed of the breast expand from

A

ribs 2 - 6

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5
Q

what are the lateral borders of the breast bed

A

lateral border of the sternum and mid axillary line

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6
Q

most lymph of the breast drains where

A

ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes

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7
Q

where do the axillary nodes drain

A

supraclavicular nodes –> thoracic duct

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8
Q

where else can lymph from the breast drain

A

parasternal nodes and abdominal nodes

nodes of contralateral breast

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9
Q

position of the levels of lymph nodes is described in relation to what muscle

A

pec minor

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10
Q

what are level 1 nodes

A

inferior and lateral to pec minor

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11
Q

what are level 2 nodes

A

deep to pec minor

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12
Q

what are level 3 nodes

A

superior and medial to pec minor

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13
Q

what structures support the breast

A

suspensory ligaments (coopers ligaments)

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14
Q

where do the suspensory ligaments attach

A

dermis of the skin to deep fascia overlying the muscle of anterior chest wall (pec major and serratus ant)

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15
Q

what is the functional secretory unit of the breast

A

terminal duct lobular unit

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16
Q

what do terminal ductules (acini) lead into

A

intralobular collecting duct

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17
Q

what does the intralobular collecting duct lead into

A

lactiferous duct for that lobe

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18
Q

where does the lactiferous duct lead

A

nipple

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19
Q

before the lactiferous duct reaches the nipple what does it pass through

A

lactiferous sinus

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20
Q

what is the lactiferous sinus

A

expanded duct region near the nipple where the lactiferous ducts drain
- storage of milk

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21
Q

how does the connective tissue differ from around the lobule to around the acini within the lobule

A

around the lobule - dense fibrocollagenous

around the acini - looser connective tissue

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22
Q

why is the connective tissue around the acini looser than around the lobule

A

to allow rapid expansion during pregnancy

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23
Q

what kind of cells line the acini

A

secretory epithelium (vary from cuboidal to columnar)

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24
Q

what cells surround the secretory cells of the acini

A

myoepithelial cells

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25
Q

what are myoepithelial cells

A

contractile epithelial cells

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26
Q

what surrounds the myoepithelial cells

A

basal lamina

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27
Q

what cells line the lactiferous duct towards the nipple

A

thin stratified squamous epithelium

28
Q

what cells line the deeper parts of the lactiferous duct

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

29
Q

how thick are the cells lining the deepest parts of the lactiferous duct

A

one cell thick

30
Q

what glands end directly on the skin surface of the nipple (only place in the body this happens)

A

sebaceous glands

31
Q

what cells line the nipple surface

A

thin, highly pigmented keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

32
Q

what makes up the core of the nipple

A

dense irregular fibrocollagenous connective tissue mixed with bundles of smooth muscle

33
Q

how many lobes does one lactiferous duct serve

A

1 each

34
Q

mammary tissue only changes in pregnancy

true/false

A

false

changes during the menstrual cycle

35
Q

during which phase of the menstrual cycle does the mammary tissue change

A

luteal phase

36
Q

how do the breasts change in the luteal phase

A
  • epithelial cells increase in height
  • lumina of the ducts enlarges
  • small amounts of secretions appear in the ducts
37
Q

what occurs in the first trimester of pregnancy re the breasts (2)

A
  • elongation and branching of the smaller ducts

- proliferation of the epithelial cells of the glands and the myoepithelial cells

38
Q

what cell types proliferate in the first trimester of pregnancy

A

epithelial cells

myoepithelial cells

39
Q

in the first trimester of pregnancy there is ____ and _____ of the smaller ducts

A

elongation and branching

40
Q

what cells infiltrate the nearby connective tissue in the second trimester of pregnancy

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells

41
Q

what do plasma cells produce in the breast

A

IgA

42
Q

what occur in the second trimester of pregnancy

A
  • glandular tissue continues to develop with differentiation of secretory alveoli
  • plasma cells and lymphocytes infiltrate the nearby connective tissue
43
Q

what occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy

A

secretory alveoli continue to mature with development of extensive rER

44
Q

what happens to the amount of connective tissue and adipose tissue in the breasts during pregnancy

A

reduction

45
Q

what hormones stimulate proliferation of secretory tissue and degeneration of fibro-fatty tissue in pregnancy

A

oestrogen and progesterone

46
Q

what is the main component of breast milk

A

water (88%)

47
Q

what % protein is in the breast milk

A

1.5%

48
Q

what mainly makes up the protein in the breast milk

A

lactalbumin

casein

49
Q

what % of the breast milk is CHO

A

7%

50
Q

what is the main form of CHO in the breast milk

A

lactose

51
Q

what % of the breast milk is lipid

A

3.5%

52
Q

what else is in the breast milk

A

ions, vitamins, IgA

53
Q

how is lipid secreted into the milk

- description and name of type

A

apocrine secretion

- lipid droplets are secreted surround by membrane and carrying a small amount of cytoplasm

54
Q

how are proteins secreted into milk

- description and name

A

merocrine secretion (exocytosis)

  • made in rER
  • packaged in golgi
  • secreted via vesicles that merge with apical membrane to release only their components into duct (no cytoplasm)
55
Q

what occurs to the secretory cells of the TDLU’s following menopause

A

degenerate leaving only ducts

56
Q

following menopause there is

  • more/less fibroblasts
  • increased/decreased collagen and elastic fibres
A

less fibroblasts

decreased collagen and elastic fibres

57
Q

orange peel appearance of breast skin can indicate what

A

breast cancer

58
Q

what is the retromammary space

A

space between breast tissue and fascia

59
Q

what hormone causes production of breast milk

A

prolactin

60
Q

what hormone causes the ejection of breast milk

A

oxytocin

61
Q

oxytocin causes the contraction of what

A

myoepithelium

62
Q

young adults have a higher proportion of adipose/glandular tissue

A

higher proportion of glandular tissue compared to adipose - denser

63
Q

elderly breasts have more _____ tissue making them ____ dense

A

adipose

less dense

64
Q

what are milk lines

A

developmental lines on which mammary glands and nipples develop

65
Q

what is the definition of metaplasia

A

the change from one fully differentiated cell type to another fully differentiated cell type

66
Q

what hormone stimulates the lactiferous ducts to grow at puberty

A

oestrogen

67
Q

after menarche what hormone induces further growth and development of the rudimentary lobules at the end of the bulb

A

progesterone

YEAR 3 REPRO (11 decks)

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