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YEAR 3 REPRO > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what occurs in gastrulation

A

formation of the trilaminar disc - invagination of the epiblast cells through the primitive streak to form the definitive endoderm and mesoderm

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2
Q

what are the 3 parts of the mesoderm

A

paraxial mesoderm
intermediate mesoderm
lateral plate

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3
Q

the urogenital system arises from _____

A

intermediate mesoderm

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4
Q

what is the name of the common cavity that the excretory ducts of the urogenital system enter

A

cloaca

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5
Q

when do primordial germ cells within the yolk sac migrate to the intermediate mesoderm

A

weeks 4-6

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6
Q

how are the genital ridges formed

A

coelomic epithelium proliferates and thickens to form genital ridges

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7
Q

proliferating epithelium will form somatic support cells which ________ forming the _____

A

envelope the PGCs forming primitive sex cords

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8
Q

what are the names of the 2 genital ducts

A

mesonephric (wolffian) duct

paramesonephric (mullerian) duct

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9
Q

what makes up the bipotential/ambisexual phase

A

development of the genital ducts and the indifferent gonads

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10
Q

when does sexual differentiation occur

A

from week 7 onwards

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11
Q

what triggers male development

A

presence of SRY transcription factor

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12
Q

in males what do somatic support cells develop into

A

sertoli cells

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13
Q

in males what do the primary sex cords form

A

testis/medullary cords which engulf the PGCs

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14
Q

what do the rete testis connect

A

the mesonephric tubules to the testis cords

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15
Q

what is the name of the thickened layer of connective tissue between the coelomic epithelium and testis cords

A

tunica albuginea

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16
Q

what stimulates the formation of sertoli cells

A

SRY

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17
Q

what do sertoli cells secrete

A

AMH (anti-mullerian hormone)

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18
Q

what does the AMH secreted by the sertoli cells do

A

causes the degenerative of the paramesonephric (mullerian) duct

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19
Q

sertoli cells stimulate gonadal ridge cells to form what

A

leydig cells

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20
Q

what do leydig cells secrete

A

testosterone

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21
Q

what does the testosterone secreted by the leydig cells do

A

induces formation of epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles

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22
Q

what induces male specific external genitalia and prostate development

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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23
Q

what is persistent mullerian duct syndrome

A

mullerian (paramesonephric) duct fails to regress in males

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24
Q

how does persistent mullerian duct syndrome present

A

uterus, vagina and uterine tubes with male external genitalia
testes in ovarian location

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25
Q

how is persistent mullerian duct syndrome caused

A

mutations of AMH or AMH receptor genes

26
Q

where do the testes originate

A

10th thoracic level

27
Q

what pulls the testes caudally

A

gabernaculum

28
Q

what is failure of one or both testes to descend called

A

crytorchidism

29
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis made from

A

descended peritoneum

30
Q

what are the 3 accessory glands in males

A

prostate
bulbourethral
seminal

31
Q

when do the 3 accessory glands in males develop

32
Q

from what does the seminal gland develop

A

mesonephric duct

33
Q

how are the prostate and bulbourethral glands formed

A

endodermal invaginations from the urethra

34
Q

the prostate is above/below the bulbourethral glands

35
Q

from what does the vas deferens form

A

mesonephric duct

36
Q

female development occurs in the absence of ___

A

SRY transcription factor

37
Q

in females germ cells develop into ____ and then into ____

A

oogonia and then into primary oocytes

38
Q

in females what differentiates into granulosa cells and surrounds the primary oocytes

A

somatic support cells

39
Q

what duct degenerates in females

A

mesonephric (wolffian) - wolff is a boys name

40
Q

what stimulates the formation of the female external genitalia and development of the paramesonephric ducts

A

ovarian oestrogens and from maternal sources

41
Q

what do the paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts give rise to

A

uterine tubes
uterus
superior vagina

42
Q

what is a Gartner’s cyst

A

remnant of mesonephric duct

43
Q

what are the 3 parts of the paramesonephric duct

A

cranial portion
horizontal portion
caudal portion

44
Q

what gives rise to the uterus and superior vagina

A

the fused caudal portion of the paramesonephric duct

45
Q

what does the caudal portion of the paramesonephric duct fuse with

A

the paramesonephric duct on the opposite side

46
Q

vacuolisation of the paramesonephric portion of the vagina and the sinuvaginal bulbs gives rise to what

A

vaginal lumen and the fornices

47
Q

how is the spongy urethra formed in males

A

proximal to distal zipping of the urethral groove

then ectodermal ingrowth at the tip of the glans penis meets the spongy urethra

48
Q

how is the foreskin (prepuce) formed

A

circular ingrowth of ectoderm around periphery of the glans

49
Q

when is the foreskin formed

50
Q

what is hypospadias

A

external urethral opening doesnt lie at the tip of the penis - lies in an abnormal position along the ventral aspect of the penis (varying degrees of severity)

51
Q

when does the first trimester complete

52
Q

when does the second trimester complete

53
Q

when does the 3rd trimester complete

54
Q

how long after fertilisation can pregnancy be detected by urine test

55
Q

the Y chromosome has the sex determining region and causes the development of testes from the ______

A

bipotential gonad

56
Q

fetal testes secrete _____

A

testosterone and mullerian inhibiting factors (AMH)

57
Q

what causes the development of the male internal genital tract

A

testosterone and MIF (AMH)

58
Q

in males the _____ ducts form the reproductive tract

A

wolffian (mesonephric)

59
Q

in males the ____ ducts degenerate

A

mullerian (paramesonephric)

60
Q

what is the bipotential gonad ridge

A

area of the embryo with potential to develop into male or female gonads

61
Q

in the absence of testicular hormones a fetus will develop _____

A

female internal genital tract

62
Q

when can you tell sex of fetus on scan

YEAR 3 REPRO (11 decks)

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