Histology

Question 1

Smooth Muscle Hallmarks

Answer 1

no striations, gap junctions, occurs as bundles with elongated cells, NOT wavy like dense CT

Question 2

Key proteins for contraction in smooth muscle

Answer 2

filaments that anchor to dense bodies (desmin and vimentin are the intermediate filaments), cells become globular and contract as one unit

Question 3

Cardiac M. Hallmarks

Answer 3

short, branched cells with extensive capillaries and striations; intercalated discs and purkinje cells

Question 4

What makes up the “intercalated discs?”

Answer 4

transverse junctions that interdigitate, often coincide with z lines

Question 5

What are purkinje cells?

Answer 5

Modified muscle cells that act as a pacemaker, contain a lot of glycogen and mostly lack t-tubules

Question 6

What types of fibers make up the epicardium?

Answer 6

dense fibrocollagenous CT with elastic fibers

Question 7

What are some key features of myocardium?

Answer 7

striations, intercalated discs, diads, mitochondria, lipofusion and atrial granules

Question 8

What are the three types of contacts in the myocardium?

Answer 8

fascia adherens (actin filaments), desmosomes, gap junctions

Question 9

What is a diad?

Answer 9

T-tubule with 1 cisterna

Question 10

What are atrial granules?

Answer 10

Granules that contain atrial natriuretic factor secreted by the right atrium

Question 11

What is the endocardium made of?

Answer 11

Endothelium and loose CT, contains a subendocardial layer in the ventricles but not in the atria

Question 12

What is the cardiac skeleton made of and what purpose does it serve?

Answer 12

irregular CT within the endocardium; anchors valves and maintains shape of AV canals, contributes to interventricular and interatrial septa, insertion of muscles and electrical insulator

Question 13

What are the heart valves made of?

Answer 13

fibroelastic CT covered by endothelium

Question 14

What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system responsible for?

Answer 14

warming, filtering, and humidifying air

Question 15

What does the conducting portion of the respiratory system consist of?

Answer 15

nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, trachea, main bronchi, segmental and lobar bronchi, bronchioles

Question 16

What is the function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

Answer 16

gas exchange

Question 17

What does the respiratory portion consist of?

Answer 17

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

Question 18

What are some key histological features of the larynx?

Answer 18

hyaline cartilage and some small elastic cartilages, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium on the vocal folds

Question 19

What is respiratory epithelium and what is it’s function?

Answer 19

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, responsible for mucus production and transport

Question 20

What are basal cells?

Answer 20

mitotically active stem cells in the respiratory tract

Question 21

What are goblet cells and what do they secrete?

Answer 21

Modified columnar epithelial cells that synthesize and secrete mucigen granules

Question 22

What are the four layers of the trachea?

Answer 22

Mucosa, submucosa, cartilaginous layer, and adventitia

Question 23

What are some characteristics of the mucosa layer of the trachea?

Answer 23

resp. epithelium, goblet cells, lamina propria , BALT

Question 24

What are the some key features of the submucosa in the trachea?

Answer 24

lots of submucosal glands

Question 25

What kind of cartilage is in the trachea?

Answer 25

hyaline

Question 26

What is found in the adventitia layer of the trachea?

Answer 26

trachealis muscle and connective tissue that binds the trachea to adjacent structures

Question 27

What are some key features of bronchi epithelia?

Answer 27

Resp, epithelium, shorter cells, fewer goblet cells, increased elastic fibers

Question 28

What are some key features of the submucosa in the bronchi?

Answer 28

loose/areolar CT, fewer submucosal glands, irregular cartilage plates

Question 29

What are some key features of the muscularis portion of the bronchi?

Answer 29

continuous in larger bronchi, loosely organized in smaller bronchi

Question 30

What are some key features of the adventitia in the bronchi?

Answer 30

moderately dense CT

Question 31

What are some key features of the epithelia in the bronchioles?

Answer 31

simple ciliated columnar, simple cuboidal epithelia, club cells, increased elastic fibers

Question 32

What are some key features of the muscularis layer in the bronchioles?

Answer 32

prominent smooth muscle

Question 33

What are some unique features of the bronchioles?

Answer 33

no cartilage, no submucosa, airways are <1mm

Question 34

What are some key features of terminal bronchioles?

Answer 34

simple cuboidal epithelium with club cells and elastic fiber, some smooth muscle

Question 35

What is the function of club cells?

Answer 35

Secrete a lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion, detoxification of inhaled materials, secrete antimicrobial peptides

Question 36

What are some key features of respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 36

simple cuboidal epithelium with club cells, contain elastic fibers and smooth muscles

Question 37

What type of epithelia are alveoli made of?

Answer 37

simple squamous

Question 38

What are the functions of Type I pneumocytes?

Answer 38

Line the alveolar surface, create surface for gas exchange

Question 39

What are the functions of Type II pneumocytes?

Answer 39

secrete surfactant, reduces surface tension, acts as precursor for Type I AND II pneumocytes