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Neuromuscular > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sequence of preparing histological sections?

A
  1. Tissue collection
  2. Fixation
  3. Dehydration (alcohol)
  4. Paraffin embedding
  5. Sectioning with microtome
  6. Straightening with water bath
  7. Transfer section to slide
  8. Stain and cover slip
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2
Q

Why is fixation needed?

A
  • to prevent it rotting
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3
Q

Why does it need to be embedded in paraffin?

A
  • to make it solid so it can be sectioned
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4
Q

Haematoxylin (stain)

A
  • blue

- stains mainly genetic material (DNA/RNA)

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5
Q

Eosin (stain)

A
  • pink

- stains mainly proteins (mainly cytoplasm)

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6
Q

What is epithelium?

A
  • tissue that covers all external and internal surfaces of the body
  • polar orientation - one side facing lumen/ free space other side attached t another tissue
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7
Q

Epithelium key characteristics

A
  • forms basement membrane (anchors epithelial cells)
  • little extracellular space between cells (form sheets)
  • contains no blood vessels
  • can have apical modifications
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8
Q

How can epithelium be classified?

A
  1. Morphology - cell shape, arrangement of cells

2. Function - glandular or non glandular

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9
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A
  • passive transport of substances across cytoplasm - short diffusion distance
  • provide little protection
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10
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

A
  • alveoli, vessels (endothelium), body cavities (mesothelium)
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11
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal/ columnar epithelium?

A
  • secretion and absoption
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12
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A
  • thyroid, kidney, lungs, ovary, ducts
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13
Q

Where is simple columnar found?

A
  • intestine, female reproductive tract, many exocrine glands
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14
Q

What is the function of pseudo stratified epithelium?

A
  • secretion and movement of particles along tubular organs (respiratory epithelium)
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15
Q

Where is pseudo stratified epithelium found?

A
  • trachea, bronchi, epididymis
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16
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A
  • protects underlying tissues by acting as a barrier and stops it drying out
  • undergoes keratinisation but not in areas that remain moist in small animals
17
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

A
  • most external and some internal body parts
18
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal and columnar found epithelium?

A
  • covers areas of transition between simple and stratified epithelia
  • respiratory tracts, duct of exocrine glandes
19
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A
  • only in urogenital system
  • AKA urothelium
  • changes shape depending of internal pressure
    e. g bladder stretches out into thin layer when full
20
Q

How can epithelial glands be classified?

A
  1. Method of secretion (ego/endo)
  2. Type of secretion
  3. Shape
  4. Cell numbers
21
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A
  • ductless
  • secrete hormones
  • near blood vessels
  • high diversity in morphology
22
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A
  • secrete product into lumen or free surface (directly into organ or duct)
  • normally secrete enzymes
23
Q

How are exocrine glands classified?

A
  • shape:
    1. secretory component = tubular or acinar
    2. tubular shape = simple or compound (branched tubules)
  • no. of cells:
    1. unicellular e.g goblet cell
    2. multicellular e.g sebaceous
  • secretory product:
    1. serous = clear, watery fluid
    2. mucous = more viscous fluid
    3. mixed = mixture of the 2
  • type of secretion:
    1. merocrine = exocytosis (cell membrane in tact)
    2. apocrine = decapitation (top pinches off - top of cell secreted)
    3. holocrine = cell membrane rupture - cell death
24
Q

What are the adaptations of epithelia?

A
  • basal membrane
  • apical modifications
  • cell junctions
25
Q

What are apical modifications?

A
  • cilia: motile long cell processes
    e. g respiratory tract
  • microvilli: non-motile, minute projections used to increase S.A
    e. g kidney and intestine
  • stereocilia: long microvilli
    e. g epididymis
26
Q

What are cell junctions and their functions?

A
  1. Adherent junctions:
    (anchoring) cells must bind to each other and to CT to assure tissue cohesion
  2. Tight junctions:
    (occluding) cells controls what enters the body
  3. Gap junctions:
    (communicating) cells must communicate with each other
27
Q

What are adherent junctions?

A
  • provides the stiffness of a tissue
  • cells join to each other with desmosomes
  • cells anchored to basement membrane with hemidesmosomes
28
Q

What are tight junctions?

A
  • limit paracellular (between cell) movement of water and other molecules
  • control what can enter and leave
29
Q

What are gap junctions?

A
  • aqueous channels allowing small molecules to pass between 2 adjacent cells
  • allow communication

Neuromuscular (8 decks)

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