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Neuromuscular > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is Periosteum?

A
  • tough Fibrous membrane round the outer surface of the bone not covered by the articular surface
  • delivers blood and nutrients to the bone. Is able to form new bone - good for healing fractures
  • has an outer fibrous layer (mostly collagen) and inner cellular layer (osteoblasts).
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2
Q

What is compact bone (cortical bone)?

A
  • forms hard outer shell around most bones and forms the cortex
  • formed from osteons
  • protection, support and acting as a calcium store when needed
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3
Q

What is cancellous bone (trabecular bone)?

A
  • porus, vascularised and contains red bone marrow, in the epiphyses (end) of long bones
  • can be converted to compact bone by osteoblasts (this takes place during embryo formation)
  • storage of bone marrow, light weight, adds stength and flexability, mineral store
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4
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A
  • hollow region within diaphysis filled with yellow marrow
  • endosperm = membranous lining where bone remodelling occurs
  • red and white blood cells are formed here
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5
Q

What is the function of the greater trochanter?

A
  • provides attachment for gluteal muscles

- provides extensors of hip with long lever arm

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6
Q

What is the function of the lesser trochanter?

A
  • provides insertion for iliopsoas muscle
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7
Q

What is the function of the trochanteric fossa?

A
  • lies between trochanter and femoral neck

- site of insertion for small rotor muscles of the hip

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8
Q

What is the function of the medial and lateral condyles?

A
  • provides an attachment for collateral ligaments of the stifle
  • provide patella stability and articulation of the tibia
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9
Q

What is the function of the extensor fossa?

A
  • gives origin to the long digital extensor and peroneus tertius
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10
Q

What is the function of the patella?

A
  • sesamoid bone developed within the insertion of the quadriceps femoris
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11
Q

What is the function of the intercondyler fossa?

A
  • separates the 2 condyles

- articulation of the tibia and seats stabilisation ligaments in the knee

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12
Q

What is the function of the trochlea?

A
  • articulates with the patella
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13
Q

What are the 3 parts of bone tissue?

A
  1. Matrix
  2. Cells
  3. Vascular spaces
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14
Q

What is the organic part of the matrix (osteoid)?

A
  • contains type 1 collagen for flexibility, water, glycoproteins, proteoglycans and bone sialiproteins
  • synthesised by osteoblasts
  • mineralisation front = point where osteoid becomes bone tissue
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15
Q

What is the inorganic part of the matrix?

A
  • minerals inc. calcium and phosphorus
  • 60-70% of bones dry mass
  • radio opaque
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16
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A
  • derived from mesenchymal stem cells
  • synthesise and secrete osteoid
  • active in mineralisation
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17
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A
  • within matrix
  • interconnected by dendritic processes
  • derived from osteoblasts
  • reside in lacunae connected by canaliculi
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18
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A
  • bone resorption
  • large multinucleate
  • release protons = acidic = demineralisation
  • secrete proteases to destroy organic matrix
  • derived from bone marrow
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19
Q

What type of ossification involves formation of a cartilaginous precursor?

A
  • endochondral
20
Q

What type of ossification is involved in formation of bones of the skull?

A
  • intramembranous
21
Q

What type of ossification results in formation of woven bone that is later replaced by lamellar bone?

A
  • intramembranous
22
Q

What type of ossification involves differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts?

A
  • intramembranous
23
Q

What type of ossification is involved in growth in length of bones?

A
  • endochondral
24
Q

What type of ossification is involved in width of long bones?

A
  • intramembranous
25
Q

Where does endochondral ossification take place?

A
  • physes/ growth plates = increase length of long bone
  • epiphyses = increase in size link with joint cartilage growth
  • cuboidal bones of carpus and tarsus
  • repair of fractures (same as bone growth = no scar)
26
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A
  • Shaft of long bone
27
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A
  • flared region adjacent to epiphysis
28
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A
  • rounded end of bone
29
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A
  • the bones forming the axis/ centre of the animal
30
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • regions that are attached e.g bones of forelimb
31
Q

What are visceral bones?

A
  • develop in soft tissues away from rest of the skeleton
    e.g Os penis in dog and cat
    Os cordis in heart of ruminants
32
Q

What is chondral ossification?

A
  • bones ossify from cartilage precursor

e. g most limb bones - humerus, radius etc

33
Q

What is membranous ossification?

A
  • bones ossify directly from mesenchymal cells

e. g scapula and most bones of skull

34
Q

Chondral ossification bones

A
  • found in load bearing areas

- often have specific fail/fracture configurations

35
Q

Membranous ossification bones

A
  • found in non-load bearing areas

- fracture configuration = pebble on sheet of ice

36
Q

Long bones

A
  • cylindrical shape
  • main part of bone is a column providing strength, expanded ends providing transfer of load
  • resist compression when loaded, act as levers and resist tension during muscle contraction
  • e.g humerus, femur, radius, tibia
37
Q

Short bones

A
  • many sides, similar dimensions throughout (length, breadth, height)
  • found in groups of bones that act to transmit and disseminate forces through joints (distribute weight and force more evenly and reduce concussive forces)
  • one surface is always non-articular – for ligament attachment and vasculature
  • e.g carpal and tarsal bones
38
Q

Irregular bones

A
  • have various jutting processes for muscle and ligament attachment
  • e.g vertebral bones
39
Q

Flat bones

A
  • act as attachment for soft tissues and protect underlying tissues
  • e.g skull, scapula, pelvis and ribs
40
Q

Pneumatic bones

A
  • bones that contain air spaces = light weight

- flat bones of skull

41
Q

Sesamoid bones

A
  • provide additional strength and reduce wear over joints

- e.g redirect course of tendon (patella)

42
Q

What is the function of the greater and lesser tubercles?

A
  • muscle attachment
43
Q

What is the function of the olecranon?

A
  • allows movement and attachment of the ulnar
44
Q

What is the function of the head of the humerus?

A
  • articular surface
45
Q

What is the function of the deltoid tuberosity?

A
  • ridge (muscle attachment)

Neuromuscular (8 decks)

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