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GI > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the oral cavity, oropharynx and laryngopharynx lined with?

A

generally non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

what is the nasal cavity and nasopharynx lined with?

A

respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

What type of cells is the tongue made of?

A

anterior 2/3 - stratified squamous epithelium, thin on ventral surface, thick and with papillae on the dorsal surface

posterior 1/3 - covered by smooth stratified squamous epithelium which, except for the circumvallate papillae, lacks papillae but does have substantial lymphoid aggregates in the submucosa

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4
Q

What is included in the pharynx?

A

ring of lymphoid tissue composed of the palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, tubal tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

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5
Q

What are 4 major layers in the digestive tract called?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa or adventitia
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6
Q

what are the three parts of the mucosa called?

A

epithelium - sits on a a basal lamina
lamina propria - loose connective tissue
muscularis mucosae - thin layer of smooth muscle

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7
Q

what is the submucosa made of?

A

loose connective tissue

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8
Q

what is the muscularis externa made of?

A

two thick layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

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9
Q

what is the serosa or adventitia?

A

outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends the digestive tract or attaches it to other organs

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10
Q

Where are glands in the submucosa found?

A

oesophagus

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11
Q

what does the surface of the stomach look like?

A

flat surface but with holes in it - called gastric pits

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12
Q

what is found at the bottom of gastric pits?

A

1-7 gastric glands

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13
Q

what are gastric pits lined by?

A

surface mucous cells

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14
Q

what is the isthmus mostly made of?

A

mostly parietal cells and stem cells

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15
Q

what is the neck of gastric glands made of?

A

neck mucous cells and parietal cells

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16
Q

what is the fundus (base) of the gastric glands made of?

A

chief cells with a few parietal cells and enteroendocrine cells (also called neuroendocrine cells)

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17
Q

what do parietal cells do?

A

produce hydrochloric acid

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18
Q

what do chief cells?

A

digestive enzyme secreting cell

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19
Q

what is unusual about the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

has an additional layer, this layer is oblique and located internal to the circular layer. this layer aids the churning action of the stomach

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20
Q

what is the most common type of cell in the small intestinal epithelium?

A

enterocytes

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21
Q

what cells are there in the small intestinal epithelium?

A

enterocytes, goblet cells, paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and stem cells

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22
Q

what is the acidic, partly digested semifluid material the duodenium recieves from the stomach called?

A

chyme

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23
Q

what other region apart from the oesophagus has glands in the submucosa?

A

duodenum

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24
Q

what are the glands in the duodenum called? what do they do?

A

brunner’s glands - when stimulated by the presence of chyme they produce a thin, alkaline mucous to neutralise the chyme

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25
Q

what are peyer’s patches?

A

areas of relatively large aggregations of lymphoid tissue

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26
Q

what are the two types of cells in the large intestinal epithelium?

A

absorption cells and goblet cells

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27
Q

what do goblet cells in the large intestinal epithelium do?

A

secrete mucus to lubricate the colon

28
Q

what are the 3 muscular strips of the large intestine called?

A

teniae coli

29
Q

what is the digestive tract nervous system called?

A

enteric nervous system

30
Q

what is the interconnected network of fibres that controls gut motility called?

A

myenteric plexus

31
Q

what is a group of neurons living outside the brain or spinal cord called?

A

ganglion (plural is ganglia)

32
Q

what is the network of neurons which controls the muscle of the muscularis mucosae and helps regulate secretion called?

A

submucosal plexus

33
Q

how do the liver and pancreas develop?

A

outgrowth from the gut

34
Q

what is the parenchyma of the liver and pancreas composed of?

A

glandular epithelial cells

35
Q

what is the liver capsule made of?

A

collagenous connective tissue, which is covered by a layer of mesothelial cells derived from the peritoneum.

36
Q

what are the segments of the liver called?

A

lobules

37
Q

what does each lobule of the liver have?

A

a branch of the hepatic vein called the centrolobular vein (or central vein) at its centre and portal triads at each corner

38
Q

what are portal triads?

A

points of blood entry

39
Q

what do portal tracts/triads include branches of?

A

hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery
bile ductule

40
Q

what is the bile ductule lined by?

A

simple cuboidal cells called cholangiocytes

41
Q

what are the main cells of the liver?

A

hepatocytes

42
Q

what are the blood channels in the liver called?

A

sinusoids

43
Q

what are sinusoids lined with?

A

endothelial cells

44
Q

what is the narrow space between the lining cells of the sinusoids and the hepatocytes called?

A

space of Disse (or the perisinusoidal space)

45
Q

what is the parenchyma of the liver supported by?

A

reticular fibres, type III collagen as well with some type I collagen

46
Q

what are the cells found scattered in the space of disse called?

A

hepatic stallate cells

47
Q

what are hepatic stallate cells?

A

modified fibroblasts and make connective tissue. store vitamin A within fat droplets in their cytoplasm.

48
Q

what can happen to hepatic stallate cells in some pathological conditions?

A

they can transform into myofibroblasts and produce scar tissue in the liver

49
Q

what type of cells are scattered in the sinusoids?

A

resident macrophages called kupffer cells.

50
Q

what do kupffer cells do?

A

remove particulate matter from the blood and help remove worn out red blood cells

51
Q

What is bile?

A

alkaline solution containing water, ions, phospholipids, bilirubin and bile salts.

52
Q

what is bilirubin?

A

pigment which results from the breakdown of haemoglobin in the spleen, it is the principle cause of the brown colour of feaces.

53
Q

what are bile salts important for?

A

emulsification of fats in the digestive system

54
Q

which cells produce bile?

A

hepatocytes

55
Q

what does bile flow via?

A

bile canaliculi

56
Q

what is the bile canaliculi?

A

small channels formed by tight junctions in the cell membranes of adjacent hepatocytes.

57
Q

what is the gall bladder made of?

A

it is a muscular sac lined by simple columnar epithelium backed by a lamina propria of loose connective tissue rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vesselsm a coat of smooth muscle and an outer collagenous layer of adventitia.

58
Q

what does the gall bladder do?

A

stores bile and modifies it.

59
Q

what is the name of the hormone which stimulates the gall bladder to contract and deliver bile to the duodenum?

A

cholecystokinin

60
Q

what is the inflammation of the gall bladder called?

A

cholecystitis

61
Q

what are the small scattered islands of tissue in the endocrine pancreas called?

A

islets of langerhans

62
Q

what are the islets of langerhans do?

A

produce hormones such as insulin and glucagon.

63
Q

why does the pancreas not digest itself?

A

the enzymes are proenzymes until they arrive at the duodenum.

64
Q

what happens when the pancreatic secretions reach the duodenum?

A

an enteropeptidase converts the inactive proteolytic enzyme trypsinogen into the active form, trypsin. this begins a cascade that results in the activation of other enzymes.

65
Q

what are the ducts in the pancreas called?

A

centroacinar cells

66
Q

what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla (of vater)?

A

the main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct and opens into the duodenum a papillae

GI (10 decks)

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