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My Principles > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do inclusions come from?

A

synthesised by the cell itself or are taken up from the extracellular environment

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2
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A
  • microfilaments (actin)
  • intermediate filaments (6 main proteins)
  • microtubules (two tubular proteins)
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3
Q

What are the features of microtubules?

A

polar

dynein and kinesin to drag organelles

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4
Q

In what directions do dynein and kinesin pull organelles?

A

dynein pulls to cell centre

kinesin pulls to cell periphery

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5
Q

What is the perinuclear cistern?

A

the space between the inner and outer membrane

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6
Q

What are the features of euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A

euchromatin is more dispersed and actively undergoes transcription
heterochromatin is highly condensed and is not undergoing transcription

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7
Q

What is the role of the small subunit of the ribosome?

A

binds RNA

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8
Q

What is the role of the large subunit of the ribosome?

A

formation of peptide bonds

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9
Q

What is the function of the Golgi?

A

adds sugars
cleaves proteins
sorts into vesicles

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10
Q

What are the three types of cell junctions?

A

occluding
anchoring
communicating

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11
Q

What are the features of an occluding junction?

A

prevent diffusion

aka tight/zonula occulens

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12
Q

What are the features of an anchoring junction?

A

bind in extracellular space by actin link molecules
aka zonula adherens
desmosomes

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13
Q

What are the features of desmosomes?

A

type of anchoring junction
aka macula adherens
provide mechanical stability

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14
Q

What are the features of a communicating junction?

A

selective diffusion
pores
spread of excitation
aka gap junction

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15
Q

How is a specimen prepared?

A

fixed with formalin
thinly sliced
impregnate with wax
to make artefact

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16
Q

What colours are eosin and haematoxylin?

A

eosin is pink

haemotoxylin is purple

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17
Q

What are the four tissue types?

A
  • epithelium
  • connective tissue
  • muscle
  • nervous tissue
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18
Q

What are the features of epithelium?

A

basal lamina
non-vascular
polarised
forms glands and covers body surfaces

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19
Q

What are the roles of epithelia?

A 
barrier
absorption
secretion
containment
movement
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20
Q

What are the features of covering epithelia?

A

classified by cell shape/ number of layers/ cell surface/ presence of special cells

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21
Q

What are the types of glandular epithelia?

A

endocrine

exocrine

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22
Q

What are the features of endocrine glandular epithelia?

A

product is secreted to basal end

ductless

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23
Q

What are the features of exocrine glandular epithelia?

A

product is secreted to lumen end onto body surface or into a duct
ducted

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24
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

soft
hard
blood and lymph

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25
Q

What are the features of connective tissue?

A

extracellular matrix so fibres, ground substance and tissue fluid
cells include fibroblasts, adipose cells, osteocytes and chondrocytes

26
Q

What are the types of hard connective tissue?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
(cartilage is avascular and semi-rigid)

27
Q

What are the two types of bone and where are they located?

A

cortical bone in the diaphysis

cancellous bone in the epiphyses

28
Q

What are the types of muscle?

A

smooth (involuntary, visceral, cigar-shaped nucleus)
skeletal (voluntary, striated, multi-nucleated, nuclei on periphery)
cardiac (striated, intercalated discs, single nucleus)

29
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

multipolar
bipolar
pseudounipolar

30
Q

What are the principle glia of the CNS?

A

astrocytes (support, ion transports, induce BBB)
oligodendrocytes (produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord)
microglia (immune surveillance)

31
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of?

A 
neurons
support cells (glia)
32
Q

What is the coat made up of in nervous tissue in CNS or PNS?

A

meninges for CNS

epineurium for PNS

33
Q

What is the principle glia of the PNS?

A

Schwaan cells

34
Q

What are the three main silvery glands?

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

35
Q

What do striated ducts in the salivary glands do?

A

pump out saliva

36
Q

What are the layers of the digestive tract?

A 
- mucosa
epithelium (on basal lamina)
lamina propria (loose connective tissue)
muscularis mucosae (thin layer of smooth muscle) 
 - submucosa (loose connective tissue)
 - muscularis externae
 - adventitia
37
Q

What are the usual jobs of the cells in the mucosa?

A
  • absorptive
  • protective
  • absorptive and protective
  • secretory
38
Q

What is the enteric nervous system for?

A

the digestive tract

39
Q

Where do the ganglia for the enteric nervous system lie?

A

between two muscle layers in the muscularis externa

40
Q

What is the basic structure of the liver?

A

lobules with hepatic artery and portal vein at each corner that drain tot he central vein in the middle

41
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A
  • exocrine produces proteases, lipases, nucleases which all enter duodenum by pancreatic duct
  • endocrine is islets of langerhans which produce insulin
42
Q

What are the three layers of a normal blood vessel?

A
  • tunica intima (endothelial cells, basal lamina and connective tissue)
  • tunica media (smooth muscle)
  • tunica adventitia (connective tissue)
43
Q

Where are the internal and external elastic membranes?

A

internal is between intima and media

external is between media and adventitia

44
Q

What is the structure of elastic arteries?

A

large elastic tunica media

45
Q

What is the vast vasorum?

A

the specialised blood supply for large elastic arteries when the wall is too thick to get nutrients from the lumen

46
Q

What is the structure of arterioles?

A

thin media

almost no adventitia

47
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A

endothelial cells and basal lamina

48
Q

What are the types of capillaries?

A

continuous (no gaps)
fenestrated (small pores)
discontinuous/ sinusoidal (large gaps)

49
Q

What is the structure of venules?

A

endothelial cells and thin connective tissue

intermittent smooth muscle in media

50
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A

large adventitia
thin media with smooth muscle
valves are extensions of intima

51
Q

What do the lymph vessels do and what is their structure?

A

carry lymph to lymph nodes for immune surveillance
smooth muscle in walls
voluntary muscle controls flow and valves

52
Q

What are the two classes of white cells?

A 
- granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
 - agranulocytes
lymphocytes
monocytes
53
Q

What are the features of neutrophils?

A

multi-lobed nucleus
phagocytes
common

54
Q

What are the features of eosinophils?

A

bilobed nucleus

allergic reactions

55
Q

What are the features of basophils?

A

rare
bilobed nucleus
large granules
IgE on cell membrane

56
Q

What are the features of lymphocytes?

A

B cells are plasma cells

T cells have defence functions

57
Q

What are the features of erythrocytes?

A 
no nucleus 
no organelles
flexible cytoskeleton to slip through gaps
haemoglobin
biconcave
58
Q

What are the features of platelets?

A

haemostasis
no nucleus
cytoskeleton
granules e.g. coagulation factors

59
Q

Where are red blood cells made in embryology?

A

yolk sac at 3 weeks
spleen
liver

60
Q

What are megakaryotes?

A

bone marrow cells producing platelets

61
Q

What cells can carry out haemopoiesis in the mature skeleton?

A 
vertebrae
ribs 
skull
pelvis
proximal femurs

My Principles (13 decks)

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