Anatomy Flashcards
What is the integumentary system?
the skin
What is the solar surface?
surface of wrist
What is the palmar surface?
surface of the hand
What is the ventral surface?
anterior of the tongue
What is the plantar surface?
inferior of the foot
What is in a neuromuscular bundle?
vein
nerve
artery
What do the words ‘trunk’ or ‘common’ suggest of a vessel?
it will divide again
What is sympathetic tone?
the background contraction due to tonic conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves
What does thoracolumbar outflow include?
T1-L2 segments of the spinal cord for sympathetic nerves
Where does the thoracolumbar outflow then go to?
the splanchnic nerves to supply organs
What are the branches of the aorta and their subsequent branches?
- ascending (R and L coronary artery)
- arch (3 branches)
- thoracic
- abdominal (3 unpaired midline and 6 paired bilateral)
What are the branches off the arch of the aorta?
brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
Which is more superior- subclavian veins or arteries?
subclavian arteries are above veins
Through what structures does the vertebral artery pass?
through transverse foramina then through foramen magnum
What does the carotid sinus do?
- senses blood pressure
- is the most proximal part of the internal carotid artery
- CNIX
What does the carotid body do?
monitor blood gas levels and pH
What is the function of the Circle of Willis?
to join the internal carotids and provide collateral vessels for alternate pathways
What are the characteristics of the blood brain barrier?
- tight junctions
- astrocytes around capillaries
- prevent diffusion
- can be weakened by brain injury, inflammation and neoplasia
- O2, CO2 and ethanol can cross but some antibiotics can’t
What is an end artery and an example of one?
the only arterial blood supply to an area e.g. coronary artery
Through what arteries does the blood flow through to get to the hands?
left subclavian –> axillary –> brachial –> radial or ulnar
What are the branches off the anterior thoracic aorta?
bronchial oesophageal mediastinal pericardiac phrenic
What does the aorta finally bifurcate into?
external iliac (lower limbs) internal iliac (pelvis and perineum)
What are the various venous systems and their roles?
- systemic venous system: drains venous blood into superior or inferior vena cava
- hepatic portal venous system: drains venous blood from absorptive GI to liver for cleaning
Where do the lymphatic ducts drain?
- right lymphatic duct drains into the right venous angle
- much larger thoracic duct drains into the left venous angle
What are the five main types of muscular structure and an example of each?
- Circular eg orbicularis oculi
- Pennate eg deltoid
- Quadrate eg rectus abdominus
- Fusiform eg biceps brachii
- Flat with aponeurosis eg external oblique
What do tendons do?
attach to bone to muscle and are non-contractile
What is the difference between strain and sprain?
strain a muscle
sprain a ligament
What is an aponeurosis?
attaches soft tissue to muscle and is a flattened tendon
What re the origins of the deltoid muscle?
- spine of scapula
- acromion process of scapula
- lateral 1/3rd of clavicle
What controls the flexion withdrawal reflex?
spinal nerve connections (no brain involved)
What is the process of a stretch reflex and what is it for?
- protective against overstretching
- sensory nerve detects stretch
- tells spinal cord
- synapse to motor nerve through spinal cord so muscle contracts
- to neuromuscular junction
eg ankle jerk
What is paralysis?
dysfunctional motor nerve supply so there is reduced tone
What is spasticity?
controls from the Brian not working so there is increased muscle tone
What is atrophy?
wasting of them muscles so the fibres become smaller due to inactivity
What are the features of skeletal muscle?
- deep to deep fascia
- shiny silver/grey
- tough fibrous connective tissue covering
- inter muscular septums
What is compartment syndrome?
pressure builds in the closed space made by fascia so a fasciotomy is done to relieve pressure
Where is the transition to smooth muscle and back to skeletal?
skeletal to smooth is the trachea and middle 1/3rd of oesophagus
smooth to skeletal is perineum
What are the features of the biceps brachii?
- scapula to radius
- flexion and supination
- musculocutaneous nerve
- biceps jerk reflec
Which is the bad thing that can happen to a muscle- hypertrophy or hyperplasia?
hypertrophy is ok
hyperplasia is bad
What are the parts of the internal bone?
- outer cortex which is compact bone which is dense and strong
- inner medulla is porous and spongy
- medulla contains bone marrow so site of blood cell production (eg hip, great, ribs, vertebrae and cancellous ends of femur and humerus
- periosteum is a fibrous sleeve which is vascularised and innervated with sensory nerves
What is endochondral ossification?
hyaline cartilage becoming bone and ossifying
What is in the inner cavity of bones?
- red marrow in hematopoeitic bones
- white marrow in non-blood cell forming bones
What are the parts of the longitudintal bone?
- diaphysis is the long part
- metaphysis is the part just before the lump at the end
- epiphysis is the lump at the end
What are the different forms of bones?
- flat bones are protective
- long bones are tubular
- irregular bones are weird shapes
- sesamoid bones are within some tendons
- short bones are cuboidal
Which bones break readily and why?
clavicle
femur is less compact and angled
How do bones heal?
trauma
callus of new bone surrounds fracture line
callus remodelling
healed
plates and screws reduce/realign and fix the alignment of. the bone
What are the indent sections in the skull called?
anterior, middle and posterior fossa
with large foramina in the middle
What is included in the axial and appendicular skeletons?
axial- spine, skull, sternum and ribs
appendicular- pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs
Where is the separation from neurocranium to viscerocranium?
line from superior orbits to inferior to the ears
below is viscerocranium
above is neurocranium
What are the divisions of the spine?
C1-7 T1-12 L1-5 S1-5 C1-4
What are the important stand-out vertebrae?
C1- atlas has no body or spinous process but has posterior and anterior arch
C2- axis has odontoid process which projects superiorly from the body
C7- vertebrae prominens is the first palpable spinous process and is midline in the posterior neck
What are the sections of ribs?
1-7 True ribs
8-10 False ribs
11 &12 Floating ribs
What makes up the pelvic and pectoral girdle?
pectoral is 2 scapulae and 2 clavicles
pelvic is 2 hip bone and the sacrum
What is a joint?
an articulation between adjacent parts of the skeleton to provide mobility and locomotion
What are the types of joint?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?
limited mobility
stable
eg syndesmoses, sutures and fontanelles
What are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?
limited mobility
relatively stable
primary: synchondroses, bones joined with hyaline, permits growth
secondary: symphyses, strong, fibrocartilage
What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
2+ bones hyaline cartilage around articular surfaces capsule around joint joint cavity supported by ligaments associated with skeletal muscles and tendons bursae special features
What are the types of synovial joint?
- pivot: shaking head
- ball and socket: multi-axial movement
- plane: minimal movement in one plane
- hinge: reasonable range of movement
- biaxial: reasonable range in one plane but less in the other
What do bursae do?
prevent friction around the joint and is an extension of the joint cavity or closed sac separate from the cavity
Which type of joint has the most mobility?
synovial>cartilaginous>fibrous
What do the words subluxation, dislocation and hyper-mobility mean?
Subluxation: reduced area of contact between articular surfaces
Dislocation: complete loss of contact between articular surfaces
Hypermobility: more mobile/ flexible than the average joint
Where are the common dislocations?
cranio vertebra temperomandibular hips fingers pubic symphysis knees ankles
What are the temperomandibular joints?
synovial articulations between the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superiorly ad the head of the condylar process inferiorly
What is the special feature of the the TMJ?
there is an articular disc and two articular cavities
How does the TMJ dislocate?
head of condylar process gets stuck anterior to articular tubercle
What is the main features of the pelvic anatomy?
- pelvic cavity is within the bony pelvis
- pelvic inlet is the way in from the abdominal cavity
- pelvic outlet is the way into the perineum from the pelvis
- pelvic floor is the skeletal muscle that separates the perineum and the pelvic cavity and has openings to allow distal alimentary, renal and reproductive tracts through
- pelvic roof is parietal peritoneum which lines the abdominal cavity
What are the layers of the uterus?
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
How does the ovum reach the uterine cavity?
ovum released into peritoneal cavity
gathered by fimbriae into infundibulum
moved along tube by cilia
What can STIs do to reproductive system?
cause peritonitis and block the tubes to cause infertility
Where do the sex organs develop and how do they reach their final position?
develop next to kidneys
descend through inguinal canal
sit in scrotum
vas deferens follows them does through the anterior abdominal wall
Where do sperm move once they have been produced?
made in seminiferous tubules (darts controls temperature at 1 degree colder than body)
move to rete testis
move to head of epididymus which becomes vas deferens
What is included in the spermatic cord?
vas deferens
testicular artery
pampiniform plexus of veins
What is torsion?
twisting of testes that results in infertility
What path does sperm take to come out at ejaculation?
develops in testes
into vas defers
through abdominal wall in inguinal canal to pelvic cavity
connects to seminal gland to form ejaculatory duct
R and L join with prostrate gland and drain into urethra
opens at external urethral meatus
Which of ejaculation and erection is parasympathetic/sympathetic?
point is parasympathetic
shoot is sympathetic
What are the muscles that close the mouth?
temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid
What muscle opens the mouth?
lateral pterygoid
What are the nine sections of the abdomen?
hypochondrium epigastric hypochondrium
lumbar umbilical lumbar
inguinal pubic inguinal
What arteries supply the foregut, midgut and hindgut?
coeliac trunk = foregut
superior mesenteric artery = midgut
inferior mesenteric artery = hindgut
What are afferent neurones?
sensory, PNS, bring signals to the CNS, ARRIVE
What are efferent neurones?
motor, PNS, project away from CNS, EXIT
What are interneurones?
create circuits and are part of the CNS
What are nerve cell bodies called in the PNS or CNS?
PNS = ganglions CNS = nuclei
What are bundles of axons called in the PNS or CNS?
PNS = nerves CNS = tracts
What does the somatic nervous system supply?
the body wall and the external environment
What does the autonomic nervous system supply?
the visceral motor system and the internal environment
What is the brain made up of?
cerebrum and cerebellum and this is made up of gyri and sulci
What are the holes in the skull called?
anterior, middle and posterior fossa with a large foramen magnum
What are the parts of the spinal cord?
midbrain
)pons
medulla oblongata
spinal cord
What are the enlargements of the spinal cord called?
cervical and lumbosacral enlargements
What is the cauda equina?
spinal nerves coming down after cord has ended
What is the grey matter in the brain?
in the cerebral cortex and is the outer area of cell bodies
What is the white matter in the brain?
in the inner area and is many axons that are myelinated
What are the main parts of the spinal cord?
dorsal horns are spiky and protrude posteriorly
ventral horns are circular and protrude anteriorly
What nerves make up the PNS?
cranial
spinal (cranial and spinal together are the somatic)
autonomic
What are the names of the 12 cranial nerves?
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducent Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyneal Vagus Spinal accessory Hypoglossal
(olf Olaf oozes terrific tunes and fun- very good violin sounds heard)
Which cranial nerves are sensory, motor or both?
SSMMBMBSBBMM
some say money matters but my brother says big butts matter most
Which cranial nerve is the lowest supply?
CNXI because CNXII crosses above to medulla
What are the different spinal nerves?
C1-8 T1-12 L1-5 S1-5 Co1 total = 31 pairs
How are spinal nerves named?
according to vertebrae above except in cervical where it is vertebrae below
What is the anterior and posterior rami?
posterior is strip down the back
anterior is sides and front
What is a dermatome?
the area supplied by both anterior and posterior rami of the spinal nerve
What dermatome is the male nipple at?
T4
What dermatome is the umbilicus at?
T10
What is in the cervical plexus?
C1-4 anterior rami
What is in the brachial plexus?
C5-T1 anterior rami
What is in the lumbar plexus?
L1-L4 anterior rami
What is in the sacral plexus?
L5-S4 anterior rami
What is the route of sympathetic nerves?
from autonomic centre in brain exit spinal cord ar T1-L2 pass into spinal nerves pass into splanchnic nerves supply organs
What nerves have lateral horns?
T1-L2
Where do parasympathetic nerves leave the CNS?
CN3,7,9and10 and sacral so craniosacral outflow
What supplies the sensory body wall?
somatic sensory
What supplies the motor body wall?
somatic motor
What supplies the sensory organs?
visceral afferent
What supplies the motor organs?
parasympathetic or sympathetic
What supplies the sensory of special sense organs?
special sensory
What supplies the motor of special sense organs?
parasympathetic or sympathetic
What is somatic sensation fo the body wall done by?
mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
nocireceptors
What does the left parietal lobs of the brain do?
is left somatosensory area and Abs from the right come
What does the upper motor neurone in the brain do?
opposite side from movement and axons cross over at the bottom
What does the lower motor neurone in the brain do?
same side and connects to skeletal muscle
What is paralysis?
no functioning lower motor neurone so no contraction so reduced tone
What is spasticity?
lower motor neurone is intact but descending controls not working so increased tone
What is autonomic split into?
sensory neurones: visceral afferent for organs
motor neurones: respond to changes with parasympathetic and sympathetic supply
What do visceral afferents do?
sensory supply from organs to CNS
What does the sympathetic ANS supply?
organs, body wall organs and arterioles
What are the features of the sympathetic nerve chain?
short preganglionic
long postganaglionic
What are the options for sympathetic travel of nerves?
- can be postganglionic travel to rami to target
- can travel along sympathetic chain
- can go through the ganglion to splanchnic nerve
and synapse at prevertebral
What are the characteristics of the parasympathetic nerve chain?
long preganglionic
short postganglionic
lie close to target organ or on organ wall
craniosacral outflow
What are the atypical ribs?
1-2 and 10-12
How many vertebrae are there?
33 vertebrae
