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Cardiovascular > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 layers of the blood vessels?

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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2
Q

describe the tunica intima

A

inner layer
single layer of squamous epithelial cells termed endothelial cells supported by a basal lamina and a thin layer of connective tissue

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3
Q

describe the tunica media

A

middle layer
made up predominantly of smooth muscle
thickness can vary

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4
Q

describe the tunica adventitia

A

outer layer

made up of supporting connective tissue

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5
Q

what is the internal elastic membrane?

A

a layer of elastic tissue which operates the tunica intima from the tunica media

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6
Q

what is the external elastic membrane?

A

a layer of elastic tissue which separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia

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7
Q

why are the largest arteries termed elastic arteries?

A

because they have many sheets of elastic fibres in their tunica media to provide elastic recoil

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8
Q

what is the vasa vasorum?

A

the vascular supply for large vessels as only the inner part of the wall can obtain nutrients from the lumen

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9
Q

describe the structure of arterioles

A

only one or two layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media and almost no adventitia

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10
Q

describe the structure of capillaries

A

essentially composed of endothelial cells and a basal lamina
sometimes have pericytes at intervals just outside the basal lamina

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11
Q

what are pericytes?

A

connective tissue cells that have contractile properties

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12
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoidal or discontinuous

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13
Q

where are continuous capillaries found?

A 
muscle 
connective tissue 
lung 
skin 
nerve
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14
Q

describe fenestrated capillaries

A

have small pores in walls

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15
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

mucosa of the gut
endocrine glands
glomeruli of the kidney

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16
Q

describe sinusoidal or discontinuous capillaries

A

lack a basal lamina and have large gaps through which macromolecules can in some cases, even cells, can pass

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17
Q

where are sinusoidal or discontinuous capillaries found?

A

liver
spleen
bone marrow

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18
Q

describe the microvasculature

A

small arterioles connect to a post capillary venule through a network made up of metarterioles, channels and capillaries
precapillary sphincters, composed of smooth muscle, at the beginning of the capillary help control flow through the network

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19
Q

describe post capillary venules

A

endothelial cell lined and contain a thin layer of connective tissue and occasional pericytes

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20
Q

what is the role of post capillary venules?

A

important sites for exchange eg cells moving into the tissue in inflammation

21
Q

describe veins

A

have a tunica intima and a tunica media consisting of a few layers of smooth muscle
the tunica media is thinner than what would be found in an artery
large veins have a thick tunica adventitia which incorporates bundles of longitudinally orientated smooth muscle
flexible and can accommodate expansion

22
Q

what are valves in veins?

A

inward extensions of the tunica intima in most small to medium veins

23
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

24
Q

what is the endocardium?

A

inner layer

lines the entire surface of the heart, including the valves

25
Q

describe the structure of the endocardium

A

endothelium
basal lamina
thin layer of collagen fibres
layer of denser connective tissue

26
Q

what is the subendocardium?

A

in some areas of the endocardium, it is a loose connective tissue containing small blood vessels and nerves and the branches of the impulse conducting system

27
Q

what is the myocardium?

A

thick middle layer of the heart

28
Q

describe the structure of the myocardium

A

bundles and layers of contractile cardiac muscle fibres

individual muscle fibres are surrounded by delicate, collagenous connective tissue with a network of capillaries

29
Q

describe cardiac muscle cells

A

a single central nucleus (sometimes 2)

have intercalated discs passing across the fibres at irregular intervals

30
Q

what is the role of the intercalated discs in cardiac muscle cells?

A

act to attach cells and allows spread of electrical activity

31
Q

what is the epicardium?

A

outer layer of the heart

32
Q

describe the structure of the epicardium

A

on the surface of the heart: a single layer of flattened epithelium called mesothelium
basal lamina
fibroelastic connective tissue and, in some places, adipose tissue

33
Q

what are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

fibrous pericardium

serous pericardium

34
Q

describe the fibrous pericardium

A

a sac of tough fibrocollagenous connective tissue

35
Q

what does the serous pericardium do?

A

lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium (where it is termed the parietal serous pericardium) and covers the surface of the heart (where it is termed the visceral serous pericardium?

36
Q

describe the serous pericardium

A

made up of a layer of simple squamous epithelium (termed mesothelium), backed by a basal lamina and connective tissue

37
Q

describe the pericardial cavity

A

separates the two layers of the pericardium and contains a small amount of pericardial fluid which provides lubrication for heart movement

38
Q

what is the role of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

supports the valves and provides the attachment for the cardiac muscle fibres

39
Q

describe the fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

formed by thick bands of fibrous connective tissue around the heart valves, between the atria, and between the ventricles

40
Q

describe the structure of the heart valves

A

outer endothelial layer with basal lamina
a layer of collagen and elastin fibres
lamina fibrosa
the leaflets of the valves separating the atria from the ventricles (mitral and tricuspid) are anchored to papillary muscles in the wall of the ventricle by collagenous strands called the chord tendinea, which merges with the lamina fibrosa

41
Q

describe the lamina fibrosa

A

a core of dense connective tissue, that is in continuity with the fibrous skeleton

42
Q

what are the 3 types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

contractile cells
pacemaker cells
conducting cells

43
Q

describe pacemaker cells

A

highly specialised muscle cells
smaller than contractile cardiac myocytes and embedded in a more extensive matrix of connective tissue
they appear pale because of the paucity of organelles within them
few myofibrils, little glycogen and no proper T-tubule system

44
Q

describe purkinje fibres

A

larger than normal cardiac muscle cells
abundant glycogen
no T-tubules
no intercalated discs sparse actin and myosin filaments
appear pale and have a very pale/clear centre

45
Q

where can purkinje fibres be found?

A

in the subendocardial layer just deep to the endocardium

46
Q

describe the lymph vascular system

A

a system of relatively thin walled vessels that drain excess fluid (lymph) into the blood stream
along the way the lymph passes through lymph nodes, providing for immunological surveillance

47
Q

describe the interstitial fluid of the lymph vascular system

A

it contains ions, lipids, proteins and occasional cells
most returns to capillaries and venous vessels but some returns to the circulatory system by entering the lymphatic vessels

48
Q

describe lymphatic vessels

A

they have no central pump but smooth muscle in the walls, hydrostatic pressure in the tissue and compression of the vessels by voluntary muscle, combined with valves in the vessels;s produces flow

Cardiovascular (31 decks)

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