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Cardiovascular > ANATOMY > Flashcards

ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

where is the heart contained?

A

middle mediastinum

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2
Q

what is the hilum?

A

root of the lung

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3
Q

what is contained within the hilum?

A

pulmonary artery
main bronchus
pulmonary veins
pulmonary lymphatic vessels and bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
pulmonary visceral afferents and autonomic motor nerves

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4
Q

where do the phrenic nerves travel?

A

descend across the lateral borders of the pericardium

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5
Q

what is haemopericardium?

A

when the pericardial cavity fills with blood

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6
Q

what is the consequence of haemopericardium?

A

pressure around the heart can prevent cardiac contraction - cardiac tamponade

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7
Q

what is pericardiocentesis?

A

drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity

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8
Q

how is pericardiocentesis performed?

A

needle inserted via infrasternal angle and directed superoposteriorly, aspirating continuously

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9
Q

what is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

a space within the pericardial cavity

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10
Q

where is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

lies posteriorly to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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11
Q

name the surfaces of the heart

A

anterior (sternocostal) surface
base (posterior) surface
inferior (diaphragmatic) surface

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12
Q

name the borders of the heart

A

right border
left border
inferior border
superior border

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13
Q

where can the apex of the heart be palpated?

A

5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line (mitral area)

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14
Q

where does cardiomegaly shift the apex beat to?

A

normally to the left

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15
Q

where are the coronary arteries contained?

A

just deep to the epicardium, usually embedded in adipose tissue

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16
Q

where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

the ascending aorta

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17
Q

where is the right coronary artery?

A

in the right atrioventricular groove

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18
Q

what does the RCA branch into?

A

right marginal artery

posterior interventricular artery

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19
Q

where is the left (main stem) coronary artery?

A

in the left atrioventricular groove between pulmonary trunk and the left auricle

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20
Q

name the branches of the LCA

A

circumflex artery
left anterior descending
left marginal artery
lateral (diagonal) branch

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21
Q

what is the coronary sinus?

A

a short venous conduit which received deoxygenated blood from most of the cardiac veins and drains into the right atrium

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22
Q

where is the coronary sinus?

A

in the atrioventricular groove posteriorly

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23
Q

what divides the heart into right and left sides?

A

septum (interatrial and interventricular)

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24
Q

what are septal defects?

A

holes in the septum which can allow mixing of arterial ad venous blood

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25
Q

how does the heart allow unidirectional flow?

A

the cardiac valves

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26
Q

tricuspid valve

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

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27
Q

pulmonary valve

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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28
Q

mitral (bicuspid) valve

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

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29
Q

aortic valve

A

between left ventricle and the aorta

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30
Q

tricuspid valve features

A

anterior, posterior and septal cusps

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31
Q

mitral valve features

A

papillary muscles
tendinous cords
valve leaflets

32
Q

aortic valve features

A

right, left and posterior cusps and sinuses

33
Q

pulmonary valve

A

anterior right and left cusps

34
Q

where is the aortic valve auscultated?

A

2nd right ICS sternal edge

35
Q

where is the pulmonary valve auscultated?

A

2nd left ICS sternal edge

36
Q

where is the tricuspid valve auscultated?

A

4th left ICS sternal edge (lower left sternal edge)

37
Q

where is themitral valve auscultated?

A

5th left ICS midclavicular line

38
Q

summarise blood flow from chamber to chamber

A

Diastole: blood returns via vena cave to RA and pulmonary veins to LA
Tricuspid & mitral valves open so blood drains into RV & LV
Impulse originates at SA node and spreads across atria
Atrial contraction completes ventricular filling
Impulse spreads across ventricles
Ventricles begin to contract – once pressure in ventricles > pressure in atria tricuspid & mitral valves snap shut
Ventricles continue to contract – once pressure in ventricles > pressure in PT & aorta pulmonary and aortic valves forced open and blood ejected into great arteries
Ventricles begin to relax – once pressure in ventricles < pressure in great arteries blood starts to fall back towards ventricles causing pulmonary & aortic valves to snap shut

39
Q

where do presynaptic sympathetic fibres exit the spinal cord?

A

in one of the T1-L2/3 spinal nerves (thoracolumbar)

40
Q

what contains the sympathetic nerves to the heart and lungs?

A

cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

41
Q

what is contained within the cardiac plexus?

A

sympathetic fibres
parasympathetic fibres
visceral afferent fibres

42
Q

which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic ganglia?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

43
Q

which cranial nerve is the presynaptic parasympathetic fibre for the heart and lungs?

A

CN X (vagus nerve)

44
Q

which nerves are the parasympathetic supply to the lower abdomen, pelvis and perineum?

A

sacral spinal nerves

45
Q

describe somatic pain

A

sharp
stabbing
well localised

46
Q

sources of somatic pain

A 
muscular 
joint 
bony
intervertebral disc 
fibrous pericardial 
nerve
47
Q

describe visceral (organ) pain

A

dull
aching
nauseating
poorly localised

48
Q

where does radiating pain from the chest go?

A

upper limbs
back
neck

49
Q

sources of visceral chest pain

A

heart and great vessels
trachea
oesophagus
abdominal viscerae

50
Q

describe referred pain

A

pain only felt at site remote from area of tissue damage in the chest

51
Q

where does referred pain from the chest go?

A

upper limbs
back
neck

52
Q

describe radiating pain

A

pain felt in the centre of the chest and felt spreading from there

53
Q

postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

A

somatosensory

Aps arriving here bring body wall sensations into consciousness

54
Q

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

A

somatomotor

aps originating here bring about contractions of body wall skeletal muscle

55
Q

what is the normal pattern of arterial supply of the heart?

A

right dominant

56
Q

name the sites of coronary atherosclerosis in order of most commonly seen to least commonly seen

A
  1. LAD of LCA
  2. RCA
  3. circumflex branch
  4. LCA (main stem)
57
Q

where are grafts anastomosed in CABG?

A

proximally to the ascending aorta to coronary artery distal to the narrowing hence the narrowing is bypassed

58
Q

what are commonly used grafts?

A

radial artery
internal thoracic (mammary artery)
great saphenous vein

59
Q

which artery is used by pedicle and what does this mean?

A

internal thoracic artery meaning that the distal end of the vessel is anastomosed distal to the narrowing

60
Q

where does the SA node usually receive blood from?

A

RCA

61
Q

where does the AV node usually receive blood from?

A

posterior interventricular artery

62
Q

where does the interventricular septum (containing the conducting branches) receive blood from?

A

LAD

posterior interventricular artery

63
Q

what is the thoracic inlet bounded by?

A

ribs 1, T1 vertebra and jugular notch

64
Q

where is the transverse thoracic plane?

A

between sternal angle and T4/T5 intervertebral discs

65
Q

what is in the anterior mediastinum?

A

thymus

66
Q

what is in the middle mediastinum?

A

pericardium
heart
parts of the great vessels

67
Q

what is in the posterior mediastinum?

A 
azygous vein 
sympathetic trunks 
thoracic duct 
oesophagus 
thoracic aorta 
trachea and 2 main bronchi
vagus nerves
68
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph into?

A

right venous angle

top right 1/3 of the body

69
Q

where does the left lymphatic duct drain lymph into?

A

left venous angles

rest of the body

70
Q

what are the central veins?

A

the large veins close enough to the heart such that the pressure within them is said to approx reflect the pressure within the right atrium

71
Q

name the central veins

A 
internal jugular veins 
subclavian veins 
brachiocephalic veins 
superior vena cava 
inferior vena cava 
iliac veins 
femoral veins
72
Q

which of the laryngeal nerves does not enter the chest?

A

right recurrent laryngeal nerve

73
Q

where does referred pain from the diaphragm go?

A

shoulder

74
Q

neck pulse

A

bifurcation of the common carotid artery

75
Q

upper limb pulses

A

brachial artery

radial artery

76
Q

lower limb pulses

A

femoral artery
popliteal artery
posterior tibial artery
dorsalis pedis artery

Cardiovascular (31 decks)

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